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托福寫(xiě)作材料及范文「tpo6」
托福綜合寫(xiě)作的兩份材料，觀(guān)點(diǎn)通常都是相悖的，需要考生總結(jié)。下面是小編整理的托福TPO6綜合寫(xiě)作范文范文和材料，希望能幫到大家!
托福TPO6綜合寫(xiě)作范文
The lecturer addresses each of the three criticisms of communal online encyclopedias mentioned in the Reading passage.
The lecturer admits that communal online encyclopedias, like any reference book, may contain errors, but she claims that these errors can be corrected much more easily and quickly than those printed in a paper encyclopedia. The Reading passage, in contrast, points to the inaccuracy of information in online encyclopedias, presenting the argument that errors in these resources are due to lack of professional knowledge among contributors.
The lecturer then gives two strategies that have been proven very effective in protecting online encyclopedias from malicious alteration. She explains that contents that consist of indisputable facts are stored and presented in a read-only format so that nobody can make changes to them. In addition, she says, there are specialists who constantly monitor contents online so that they can quickly remove a suspicious change once it is detected.
The lecturer also challenges the final point in the reading regarding the nature of topics covered in online encyclopedias. She says that because of virtually unlimited space on the Internet. there is no need to worry about what is important enough for inclusion in an online encyclopedia.
Moreover, the greater variety of topics in online encyclopedias more truly reflects the genuine interests of the general public, even if some of these topics are less serious or academic than those in traditional encyclopedias.
托福TPO6綜合寫(xiě)作閱讀材料
Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyciopedias, however, is that any internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.
交互式在線(xiàn)百科是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上新的資源模式。在線(xiàn)百科在諸多方面與傳統(tǒng)紙質(zhì)百科全書(shū)類(lèi)似。但是在線(xiàn)百科同傳統(tǒng)紙質(zhì)百科不同的地方在于任何一個(gè)網(wǎng)民都可以創(chuàng)建或者編進(jìn)詞條。因而，可以說(shuō)在線(xiàn)百科是由所有網(wǎng)民共同編輯的。這個(gè)想法聽(tīng)起來(lái)可能很不錯(cuò)，但是跟傳統(tǒng)紙質(zhì)百科全書(shū)相比，在線(xiàn)百科也因此具有了一些嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。而這些問(wèn)題將很大程度地削減在線(xiàn)百科的價(jià)值。
First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributioins partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.
首先，在線(xiàn)百科信息的提供者往往缺乏學(xué)術(shù)資格，因?yàn)樗麄兲峁┑男畔⒑芏鄷r(shí)候不夠完美，甚至是不夠精確的。傳統(tǒng)的百科全書(shū)是由受過(guò)良好訓(xùn)練的'專(zhuān)家編撰的。這些專(zhuān)家符合嚴(yán)格的學(xué)術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而這一點(diǎn)是業(yè)余人士無(wú)論如何都達(dá)不到的。
Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.
第二，即使在線(xiàn)百科詞條最初是正確的，但是其互動(dòng)的特性允許一些無(wú)原則的用戶(hù)，蓄意破壞的人以及黑客們偽造、刪除和篡改條目。當(dāng)原始的版本被篡改之后，那些對(duì)條目深信不疑的用戶(hù)不能發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。而這樣的情況是不會(huì)發(fā)生在傳統(tǒng)百科全書(shū)中的。
Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which created a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online “democratic” communal encyclopedias do not.
第三，在線(xiàn)互動(dòng)百科對(duì)于緋聞和流行話(huà)題的關(guān)注過(guò)多過(guò)深，這一點(diǎn)使大家對(duì)孰輕孰重產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺(jué)。孩子可能會(huì)通過(guò)在線(xiàn)百科完成學(xué)校留的作業(yè)。這時(shí)，他可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在線(xiàn)百科上面，重大的歷史事件所受的關(guān)注度跟一檔長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)播出的電視節(jié)目是一樣的。而在傳統(tǒng)百科中，對(duì)于內(nèi)容的取舍和均衡是非常注意的，而這一點(diǎn)在具有“民主性”的在線(xiàn)百科上是沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)的。
托福TPO6綜合寫(xiě)作聽(tīng)力材料
The communal online encyclopedia will probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.
盡管在線(xiàn)互動(dòng)百科永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)達(dá)到完美，但是總體看還是瑕不掩瑜的。閱讀部分的批評(píng)更多是來(lái)自于偏見(jiàn)和對(duì)于在線(xiàn)百科發(fā)展進(jìn)程的忽略。
First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate. If you are looking for a really comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia. But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades.
首先，關(guān)于錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)于在線(xiàn)百科有錯(cuò)誤的這種批評(píng)是很難令人信服的。傳統(tǒng)的百科全書(shū)也很難做到完全精確。如果你渴望一個(gè)完全沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤的綜合參考書(shū)，你是不會(huì)找到的，無(wú)論是線(xiàn)上還是線(xiàn)下。而且事實(shí)上，在線(xiàn)百科上的事實(shí)性錯(cuò)誤時(shí)很容易糾正的，而那些紙質(zhì)的百科全書(shū)上的錯(cuò)誤，確實(shí)數(shù)十年難有機(jī)會(huì)改正。
Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable. Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.
第二，黑客篡改。在線(xiàn)百科意識(shí)到了保護(hù)條目不受黑客惡意篡改的重要性了。他們采取的策略之一是對(duì)于無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的關(guān)鍵事實(shí)條目設(shè)置為只讀模式，這樣就沒(méi)有人可以修改了。這樣可以保證你相信條目里的關(guān)鍵事實(shí)是可以信賴(lài)的'。另一個(gè)策略師設(shè)置專(zhuān)門(mén)的編輯來(lái)審查對(duì)于條目的修改，并刪除那些惡意篡改的內(nèi)容。
Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice, the judgments of the group of academics that make these decisions don't reflect the great range of interest that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias. The academic articles are still represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantages.
第三，關(guān)于內(nèi)容價(jià)值。傳統(tǒng)百科全書(shū)由于受到空間的局限不得不決定哪些事重要的，哪些是次要的。然而，在實(shí)踐中，是由學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)的判斷來(lái)決定的。這導(dǎo)致百科全書(shū)不能全部反應(yīng)讀者的興趣和需求。但是對(duì)于在線(xiàn)百科來(lái)說(shuō)，空間就不是問(wèn)題。學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)條目在百科中存在的同時(shí)，還有很多種類(lèi)的條目和內(nèi)容用來(lái)滿(mǎn)足用戶(hù)多樣性的偏好。在線(xiàn)百科在內(nèi)容上的多樣性是他們最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
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