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四六級(jí)高級(jí)語(yǔ)法
想要考好四六級(jí)怎么能不知道這些高級(jí)語(yǔ)法呢?下面就讓小編為大家講解一下吧。
平行結(jié)構(gòu)
在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的同等成分(主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等)并列時(shí)，要求它們的詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)相同，即名詞對(duì)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)介詞短語(yǔ)，分詞對(duì)分詞，句子對(duì)句子等等。這就是英語(yǔ)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)則。一般在使用并列連詞如and, but, or, neither… nor, either … or, not only .. but also, both … and, more(less) … than, as well as，rather…than等時(shí)，要注意不要違反平行結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)則。
He likes watching TV more than reading books.
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.
We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.
Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.
強(qiáng)調(diào)句
英語(yǔ)中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的8種方式
1.用形容詞“very”，“single”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
eg.You are the very person I'm looking for.
你就是我要找的那個(gè)人。
Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.
紅軍就在此地打過一仗。
Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.
今天下午竟然沒有一個(gè)人來過辦公室。
2.用反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.I myself will see her off at the station.
我將親自到車站為她送行。
You can do it well yourself.
你自己能做好這件事情。
3.用助詞“do/does/did+動(dòng)詞原形”表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.The baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold.
那孩子的健康狀況尚好，但就是偶爾患感冒。
Do be quiet.I told you I had a headache.
務(wù)必安靜，我告訴過你，我頭疼。
4.用“...and that”，“...and those”，等結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days.
他們?cè)趲滋靸?nèi)完成的就是那項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday.
前天我送給她的就是那些禮物。
5.用雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.There is no reason why this new immigrant should not have the same success.
完全有理由相信這些新移民應(yīng)該擁有相同的成功。
A man can never have too many ties.
一個(gè)男人有再多的領(lǐng)帶也不為過。
I can't thank you too much.
我無論怎樣感謝你都不過份。
A mother can never be patient enough with her child.
I am not unfaithful to you.我對(duì)你無比忠誠(chéng)。
6.用短語(yǔ)“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the sun”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.His behaviour was in every way perfect.
他的舉止確實(shí)無可挑剔。
The news was only too true.
這消息確實(shí)是事實(shí)。
Where in heaven were you then?
當(dāng)時(shí)你到底在哪里?
7.用倒裝句表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
8.用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
It is that或 It is who
e.g.It was the headmaster who opened the door for me.
正是校長(zhǎng)為我開的門。
It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment.
就是在昨天我們做了那個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
�、駝�(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)
時(shí)態(tài)
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時(shí)已發(fā)生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
語(yǔ)態(tài)
可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制
雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
Vi + prep (有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
Vt + adv + O (無被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
I am trying to give up smoking.
Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
狀語(yǔ)從句
狀語(yǔ)從句：兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接;狀語(yǔ)從句用來表達(dá)兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系;分成原因狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)等九大類型;
eg：I got up late.
I was late for school.
Because I got up late, I was late for school. (原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
I got up late，so I was late for school. (結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)
1、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)：
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由where，wherever，everywhere 引導(dǎo);
eg：Where I live there are plenty of trees.
Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.
Wherever=no matter where
Everywhere they went, they were warmly received.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
where：不能翻譯成在……地方時(shí)，通常翻譯為如果，表示在……條件下;
eg: Where you are confident，you will succeed.
eg：Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.
concentrated on ：集中于……
2、方式狀語(yǔ)從句：
方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as，as if，as though，the way，what引導(dǎo);
eg：Always do to the others as you would be done by.
When enter rome do as the romans do.
(1)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像";
(2)as if/though："仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的";
有時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，有時(shí)不用;
eg：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. (與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
(與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
(實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。)
(3)the way：可以連接兩個(gè)句子，表達(dá)就像……一樣;
eg：I should do the job the way my father did.
Many Europeans now apparently view the US. the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party.
(4)what：就像，猶如;
eg：Air is to man what/as water is to fish.
句型：A is to B what C is to D.
eg：A1 Gore calls global warming an "inconvenient truth," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.
put sb. on a path to a solution：找到解決的辦法;
3、目的狀語(yǔ)從句
可以由that，so that，in order that，lest，for fear that，in case等詞引導(dǎo);
lest：以防，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用should+動(dòng)詞原形;
eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.
in case：以防，與lest不同，從句里的時(shí)態(tài)不做特殊變化;
eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.
for feat that：和lest保持一致;
eg：A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.
let…down…：讓……感到氣餒。
4、比較狀語(yǔ)從句：
than，as…as…，not so as…，(not) the same as，the+比較級(jí);
eg：Light travels fast than sound.
the+比較級(jí)：
eg：The sooner，the better.
(1)當(dāng)……的時(shí)候：while，when，as ;
when：強(qiáng)調(diào)一件事情正在發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另外一件事情突然發(fā)生;
eg：When I was watching TV, my mother came back.
while：強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，一邊……一邊……;
eg：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper.
as："隨時(shí)間推移"
eg：As time went by, the days became longer and longer.
(2)一……就……：as soon as，主將從現(xiàn);用directly，immediately， instantly連接兩個(gè)句子;一些名詞如the minute，the moment，the instant也可表示;no sooner… than，hardly…when后面的句子需要倒裝;
eg：I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris.
(3)特殊單詞：by the time that，every/each time(使用時(shí)后面不要再加when)
(4)till&until：
�、� 肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某時(shí)"，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的;
否定形式表達(dá)的意思是"直至某時(shí)才做某事"，一般用until，動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以;
eg: I slept until midnight.
Wait till I call you.
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
�、� Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首，通常用于句中;
eg: Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
eg：As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states—light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—that repeats approximately every 90 minutes.
5、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常由so… that 或 such…that引導(dǎo);so保留，that可以省略;如此……以至于……;
eg：He didn't abide by the contract so that he was fined.
He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.
比較：so和 such
(1)so：so +形容詞、副詞+that;so+形容詞+a/an+名詞+that;
eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
He run so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.
It was so hot a day that crops wilted.
He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him.
(2)such：such+a/an+形容詞+名詞+that
eg：It was such a hot day that crops wilted.
He is such a lovely boy that everyone loves him.
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