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醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語寫作模板
醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語寫作時,出現(xiàn)在考生頭腦中的,首先是具有成人特點(diǎn)的地道的漢語思維的語句,把這種語句直接寫成英語,難度很大,結(jié)果往往弄巧成拙。為了幫助大家更好的完成考博時的英語作文,小編整理了一些模板,希望能幫到大家!
答題性議論文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文題目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all,__途徑一______. In addition, another way coontributing to success of the solving problem is ___ 途徑二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of _作文題目, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, _方法
不同觀點(diǎn)列舉型(選擇型)
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 觀點(diǎn)一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows:in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goeswithout saying that ___觀點(diǎn)一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___觀點(diǎn)二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一____. On the other hand, __原因二___. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點(diǎn)二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點(diǎn)一或二______. It is notonly because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more
利弊型的議論文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文題目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___優(yōu)點(diǎn)一______. And secondly ___優(yōu)點(diǎn)二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __討論議題______ is no exception,and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺點(diǎn)一______. In addition,____缺點(diǎn)二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.
諺語警句性議論文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___諺語_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____諺語的含義_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.
實(shí)用性寫作(申請信)
Your address
Month, Date, year
Receivers address
Dear ...,
I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in ....
And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising. .../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed. On the one hand, .... On the other hand, .... I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.
I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview. I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.
Best regards for your health and success.
Sincerely yours,
圖表作文的模板
As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文題目的議題_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語寫作的兩個技巧
一、規(guī)避
規(guī)避不僅僅是因?yàn)橐馑技罢Z句復(fù)雜,難以用英語表達(dá),而且是因?yàn)槠湟馑技罢Z句不屬于主要論點(diǎn),避而不談之后,對中心思想的完整性影響不大。例如:
在1997年的醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語寫作考題中,“碳水化合物是最主要也是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的功能營養(yǎng)素。1克碳水化合物能提供的熱量為16.7千焦。蛋白質(zhì)的供熱量雖與碳水化合物相同,但價格較貴。1克脂肪能提供的熱量為37.7千焦,但食物易產(chǎn)生飽膩感,無法攝入過多!薄暗窃谔妓衔锾峁崃坎蛔愕那闆r下,蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪將首先被消耗以提供熱量,不能發(fā)揮他們原有的功能,從而導(dǎo)致肌體生長發(fā)育遲滯。嚴(yán)重者可引起營養(yǎng)不良,表現(xiàn)為體重不增、食欲不振、各器官功能低下、容易反復(fù)感染等!薄耙3歲小兒為例,每日應(yīng)得到的總熱量為5.86兆焦,約需碳水化合物210克,折合大米約280克!边@些句子都可以避而不談。
又如,在2004年的醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語寫作考題中,“民營醫(yī)院的出現(xiàn)讓人想起十幾年前人們對超市的概念認(rèn)識也是比較模糊的。即使總認(rèn)為里面裝修豪華、高檔,但因商品很貴而不愿進(jìn)門。而今超市大大普及了,人們紛紛進(jìn)入購物,因?yàn)槲镉兴。民營醫(yī)院或許正有類似的經(jīng)歷,它也將有一個自然成長的過程。而2002年我國政府又提出了在衛(wèi)生資源相對過剩的地方,鼓勵投資者通過收購、重組現(xiàn)有公立醫(yī)院的方式舉辦贏利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)和民辦非贏利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),提出了社會資本投資著重于目前服務(wù)能力較欠缺的老年慢性病護(hù)理、康復(fù)、嬰幼兒保健等領(lǐng)域”,“不同于民營醫(yī)院的是,醫(yī)藥費(fèi)還可以報銷!边@些大段的話都可以基本不去考慮怎么用英語表達(dá)。
有時原文的語句很重要,不能規(guī)避,但用英語表達(dá)又有困難,這時可以考慮部分規(guī)避,也就是簡化。如在2004年的考題中, “隨著社會觀念的變化和政策環(huán)境的改善,民營醫(yī)院必能與公立醫(yī)院相輔相成,互爭高低,成為醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生界一道獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景,從而為人民群眾提供更多更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)!笔且痪渲匾慕Y(jié)論性句子,最好用英語表達(dá)出來。那么可以簡化為“隨著社會觀念的變化和政策的改善,民營醫(yī)院必能與公立醫(yī)院一道為人民提供更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)!边有,“為了留住病人,公立醫(yī)院開始實(shí)施全方位的改革措施,不僅在管理體制上、人事制度上進(jìn)行改革,而且更多的是紛紛打起了技術(shù)、服務(wù)、環(huán)境、價格牌!币部梢院喕癁椤盀榱肆糇〔∪耍⑨t(yī)院在管理上開始實(shí)施全面改革”。
在摘要寫作的考試中,規(guī)避是比較容易掌握的技巧,但規(guī)避得恰倒好處還需要有意識的設(shè)計,考生可以通過實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)細(xì)心揣摩。
二、變通
一個意念功能,可以用幾種大體相當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言方式表達(dá)出來,這是語言能力熟練的表現(xiàn)和結(jié)果。英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生,都經(jīng)過這方面的長期訓(xùn)練,才達(dá)到熟練的英語表達(dá)能力。我們把這種訓(xùn)練叫做paraphrase。Paraphrase的能力,就是變通的能力。非英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生,往往沒有這種訓(xùn)練,也就很難用多種不同的形式來表達(dá)同一種意念。但我們在培養(yǎng)英語寫作能力的過程中,要有意識地注意練習(xí)和培養(yǎng)這種能力。
一個重要的概念,我們不能規(guī)避,但它的漢語表達(dá)形式讓我們感到用英語表達(dá)不出來,或者感到硬用英語表達(dá)出來,結(jié)果多半是錯的。這時,我們就需要運(yùn)用變通的技巧,或者說能力。變通就是將漢語的意念,用我們能夠掌握的英語形式大體相當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)出來。變通的原則是把不會的變成會的,把復(fù)雜的變成簡單的。這和上面所講的“寫你會寫的,不要寫你想寫的”原則是一致的。
變通有詞與詞組層面上的和句子層面上的兩種,下面再舉例說明。
意念 正常表達(dá) 變通表達(dá)
雌激素 estrogen female hormone
沖動 impulse sudden excitement
悲劇 tragedy sad result
誘發(fā) induce lead to; result in
慢跑 jogging slow running
“打技術(shù)、管理牌”肯定不能說成“play technological and management cards”, 可以根據(jù)上下文的具體情況,變通成 “改善技術(shù)、管理”(improve technology and management)或者“利用技術(shù)、管理”(make use of technology and management)。
要表達(dá)“鄉(xiāng)村一級衛(wèi)生院醫(yī)療質(zhì)量無法保證”, 如果有考生覺得“質(zhì)量無法保證”不好說,一下子又想不起來“保證”如何拼寫,最好變通一下,說一個大概類似的意念就行了:“鄉(xiāng)村一級衛(wèi)生院醫(yī)療質(zhì)量通常不好。”或者“無法有好的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量在鄉(xiāng)村一級的衛(wèi)生院!弊兺ǔ晌覀兪煜さ男问街,表達(dá)起來成功的把握就大多了:
You can not have good medical services in village clinics.
或者:
The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor.
另外,當(dāng)同一種意念有多種表達(dá)方式時,我們的選擇要注意使得文章種的句式有變化,或者是我們最有把握的那一種。如果原句為“洋醫(yī)院的優(yōu)勢在于,病人能得到醫(yī)務(wù)人員的尊重和周到的服務(wù)!笨梢员磉_(dá)的句式有:
“The advantage of foreign-invested hospitals is that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(表語從句);以及:
“It is to the advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(主語從句);以及:
Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.” (同位語從句);
Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage, because a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers. (原因狀語從句)
考生可以根據(jù)自己的情況來選擇。
再例如,“忽視人的心理社會背景,影響了醫(yī)療服務(wù)的質(zhì)量!笨梢杂幸韵卤磉_(dá):
If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened. (條件關(guān)系,忽視)
Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service. (忽視,影響)
Neglect of the social and metal background of a patient can harm the medical service. (忽視,有害)
When a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can not provide good medical services. (注意,提供)
Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can result in poorer outcome of the medical service. (忽視,因果關(guān)系)
考生可以根據(jù)自己所掌握的句型的熟練程度或上下文,自行做出好的選擇。
總之,變通是一種必需的、有效的寫作策略,隨著英語語言能力的提高,變通的能力和技巧也會日益熟練,醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語寫作將不再是一件讓人頭痛的苦差事。
撰寫醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語作文摘要的基本方法
摘要寫作是指作者用自己的語言對一段文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡要的描述。這段描述應(yīng)針對原文章的中心論點(diǎn),還應(yīng)包括原文中支持中心論點(diǎn)的所有的主要論點(diǎn)并遵循同樣的順序和邏輯關(guān)系。摘要中不能含有任何作者自己的觀點(diǎn),看法和結(jié)論。在閱讀原文的過程中,考生不能只見樹木,不見深林,而要在閱讀中的同時形成與原文論點(diǎn)相應(yīng)的輪廓。考生既要捕捉到中心論點(diǎn),又要將其和支撐論點(diǎn)加以區(qū)分,將不同的支撐論點(diǎn)和中心論點(diǎn)聯(lián)合成一個天衣無縫的整體,同時不能丟失主要的例證。摘要寫作是培養(yǎng)閱讀中養(yǎng)成嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、精確、積極思維與綜合判斷的良好閱讀習(xí)慣的必要步驟。一份完美的摘要幾乎包含了完美寫作中的全部要求:連貫一致、明白無誤、邏輯清晰、簡潔扼要、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語言流暢。在寫作過程中,考生應(yīng)在頭腦中時刻以以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)詢問和要求自己。
歷年的摘要寫作要求考生根據(jù)一篇800-1000字的漢語醫(yī)學(xué)科普文章,寫出一篇200字的英文摘要。這樣的文章雖然題材廣泛、內(nèi)容龐雜,但都有一定的寫作章法和規(guī)范可循,考生可以在認(rèn)真閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上,用英文對其進(jìn)行再加工和整理。首先在頭腦中將原文的主要內(nèi)容和例證及結(jié)論以大綱的形式加以整理清晰,然后再用客觀、規(guī)范的科學(xué)英語將其表述出來。摘要的長度不應(yīng)超過原文的四分之一或五分之一,考生寫作前要仔細(xì)閱讀字?jǐn)?shù)與時間要求。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摘要的基本特征
1.摘要是中文原文的小型化模型:
摘要中不能含有任何非作者的觀點(diǎn),考生不能在寫作中心血來潮的加進(jìn)自己的評論和想法。摘要中也不能加進(jìn)自己的是與非、對與錯的價值判斷。整個摘要應(yīng)該是小于四分之一或五分之一原文、與原文有著的深層同構(gòu)關(guān)系的小型化模型。
2.摘要應(yīng)具有原文的基本要素:
摘要既是原文“麻雀雖小,五臟俱全”的模型,就應(yīng)包含原文中的所有觀點(diǎn),哪怕只是一筆帶過,也不應(yīng)僅僅寫出第一個主要論點(diǎn)和唯一的論點(diǎn)。僅寫出主要觀點(diǎn)或一個例證都不能使讀者對原文的全貌有一個完整的了解。摘要應(yīng)是對原文的小型克隆,包含原文的一切基本要素。
3.摘要應(yīng)注意與原文整體的對稱與平衡:
摘要應(yīng)切題,體裁要符合原文。考生在寫作時應(yīng)對每個論點(diǎn)和支撐論點(diǎn)都要給予相等的注意,并用與原文相應(yīng)而減少的字?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行寫作,不能在不同的段落隨便增加或減少字?jǐn)?shù)。這樣的摘要才會在結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和體裁上與原文保持一致性、對稱性和平衡性,從而以小見大、保持原文的全貌。
開頭萬能公式:
1、開頭萬能公式一:名人名言
有人問了,“我沒有記住名言,怎么辦?尤其是英語名言?”,很好辦:編!
原理:我們看到的東西很多都是創(chuàng)造出來的,包括我們欣賞的文章也是,所以盡管編,但是一定要聽起來很有道理呦!而且沒準(zhǔn)將來我們就是名人呢!對吧?
經(jīng)典句型:
A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”(適用于已記住的名言)
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.
。ㄟm用于自編名言)
更多經(jīng)典句型:
As everyone knows, No one can deny that…
2、開頭萬能公式二:數(shù)字統(tǒng)計
原理:要想更有說服力,就應(yīng)該用實(shí)際的數(shù)字來說明。
原則上在議論文當(dāng)中十不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字的,可是在考試的時候哪管那三七二十一,但編無妨,只要我有東西寫就萬事大吉了。所以不妨試用下面的句型:
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
看起來這個數(shù)字文鄒鄒的,其實(shí)都是編造出來的,下面隨便幾個題目我們都可以這樣編造:
Honesty
根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示,大學(xué)生向老師請假的理由當(dāng)中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike
根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示,85%的人在近距離旅行的時候首選的交通工具是自行車。
Youth
根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示,在某個大學(xué),學(xué)生的課余時間的70%都是在休閑娛樂。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?
根據(jù)最近的一項統(tǒng)計調(diào)查顯示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型:
A recent statistics shows that …
結(jié)尾萬能公式:
1、結(jié)尾萬能公式一:如此結(jié)論
說完了,畢竟要?dú)w納一番,相信各位都有這樣的經(jīng)歷,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)長篇大論,到最后終于冒出個“總而言之”之類的話,我們馬上停止開小差,等待領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說結(jié)束語。也就是說,開頭很好,也必然要有一個精彩的結(jié)尾,讓讀者眼前一亮,這樣,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:
Obviously(此為過渡短語), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果讀者很難“顯而見之”,但說無妨,就當(dāng)讀者的眼光太淺罷了!
更多過渡短語:
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型:
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…
2、結(jié)尾萬能公式二:如此建議
如果說“如此結(jié)論”是結(jié)尾最沒用的廢話,那么“如此建議”應(yīng)該是最有價值的廢話了,因?yàn)檫@里雖然也是廢話,但是卻用了一個很經(jīng)典的虛擬語氣的句型。拽!
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve
the problem.
這里的虛擬語氣用得很經(jīng)典,因?yàn)榭脊俦緛斫?jīng)常考這個句型,而如果我們自己寫出來,你說考官會怎么想呢?
更多句型:
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
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