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職稱英語備考語法分析
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何謂時、體、態(tài)
所謂時是指動作或狀態(tài)所處的時間。分為過去、現(xiàn)在和將來。以下以我們前面講過的十大簡單句型為主線，系統(tǒng)講解，進而對此有更深的理解。例：
1.主語+系動詞+表語
1). Tom is a college student.
Tom was a college student.
Tom will be a college student.
2 )It is sunny today.
It was sunny yesterday.
It will be sunny tomorrow.
2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
Tom studies English now.
Tom studied English years ago.
Tom will study English.
3. S+V 主語+謂語
Tom studies hard.
Tom studied hard before.
Tom will study hard in the future.
4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
Tom gives me a book.
Tom gave me a book.
Tom will give me a book.
5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語(動詞)+賓語+補語
Tom makes me sad.
Tom made me sad.
Tom will make me sad.
6. S+have+O 主語 +have+ 賓語
Tom has many friends.
Tom had many friends.
Tom will have many friends.
7. “there + be …”句型
There are some books on the shelf.
There were some books on the shelf.
There will be some books on the shelf.
8. 比較句型
1) A …than + B (比較級)
Tom is taller than sally.
Tom was taller than sally.
Tom will be taller than sally.
Tom works harder than sally.
Tom worked hard than sally.
Tom will work hader than sally.
2) as…as… (原級比較)
Tom is as tall as sally.
Tom was as tall as sally.
Tom will be as tall as sally.
Tom works as hard as sally.
Tom worked as hard as sally.
Tom will work as hard as sally.
9. “It is + adj形容詞 + to do /從句”
It is important to learn English grammar.
It was important to learn Russin grammar.
It will be important to learn Russin grammar.
It is important that we learn English.
It was important that we learnt Russin grammar.
It will be important that we learn Russin grammar[Page]
所謂“體”，是指動作在過去、現(xiàn)在和將來三個不同時間所處的狀態(tài)。即：常態(tài)、進行或完成。那么就有了過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的常態(tài)、過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的進行、過去、現(xiàn)在和將來的完成。注意，“體”所表達的主要是對動作的描述，就“主—系—表”結(jié)構(gòu)而言，因為只用來表達靜態(tài)的事物，所以不存在進行和完成的問題。我們通過以上例句做進一步的說明：
1. 主語+系動詞+表語
1). Tom is a college student.
Tom was a college student.
Tom has a college student.
2 )It is sunny today.
It was sunny yesterday.
It has sunny .
2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
Tom studies English now.
Tom is studying English now.
Tom was studying English at 8:00 yesterday.
Tom has studied English.
3. S+V 主語+謂語
Tom studies hard.
Tom is studiying hard.
Tom was studying hard before.
Tom has studied hard
4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
Tom gives me a book.
Tom is giving me a book.
Tom was giving me a book at that time.
Tom gave me a book.
Tom has given me a book.
5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語(動詞)+賓語+補語
Tom makes me sad.
Tom made me sad.
Tom is making me sad
Tom has made me sad.
6. S+have+O (主語 +have+ 賓語)
Tom has many friends.
Tom had many friends.
Tom has had many friends.
所謂“態(tài)”，是指主被動關(guān)系。即動作的執(zhí)行者和接受者哪個位于動作的前面，動作的執(zhí)行者位于動作的前面，就構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系。也就是我們前面舉的例子。若動作的接受者位于動作的前面，則構(gòu)成被動態(tài)。出現(xiàn)這樣不同的語態(tài)，是由于表達和強調(diào)的需要，或沒必要指明動作的執(zhí)行者。請看例句及語態(tài)的變化形式：
一般過去時中的)被動語態(tài)
被動語態(tài)與主動語態(tài)在使用上的區(qū)別。
讀一讀這兩個問題并回答。
Who built this bridge?誰修建的這座橋?
Prisoners of war built this bridge in l942.戰(zhàn)俘于1942年建的這座橋。
When was this bridge built? 橋是什么時候建的?
This bridge was built in l942.橋是1942年建的。
在第一個問題中我們想知道是誰建了這座橋，在第二個問題中我們想弄清有關(guān)橋的一些情況。因此，第一句使用了主動語態(tài)，第二句運用了被動語態(tài)。
我們也可以講清是什么人修建的這座橋，用“by十動作執(zhí)行者”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，我們可以說： ，This bridge was built by prisoners of war in 1942.這座橋是戰(zhàn)俘于1942年修建的。
仔細地閱讀以下幾對句子，每對中的第一句話告訴我們‘個人(回答“誰”)，第二句話告訴我們一件事(回答“什么”或“哪一個”)。
Workmen are building a new road outside my house.(Who)工人們正在我的房子外面修一條新路。
A new road is being built outside my house.(則，砒)我的房子外面有一條新路在建設(shè)之中。
The newsagent delivers our papers every moming.(Who)每天上午送報人來送我們的報紙。
Our papers are delivered every morning.(What)我們的報紙每天上午送到。
The postman delivered a letter this morning.(Who)今天上午郵遞員送來了一封信。
A letter was delivered this morning.(what)今天上午來了一封信。
時態(tài)的構(gòu)成規(guī)律
英語通過對動詞形式的變化來構(gòu)成不同的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。主要是使用be和have作為標識，其構(gòu)成是有規(guī)律的。Be的作用是用來構(gòu)成進行時和被動語態(tài)。Have 用來構(gòu)成完成時。兩者合起來與動詞可構(gòu)成完成時的被動語態(tài)完成進行時�？蠢�(以work, follow為例)：
1)be：
They are working.(現(xiàn)在進行)
They were working.(過去進行)
They will be working.(將來進行)
They are followed. (現(xiàn)在的被動)
They are being followed.(現(xiàn)在進行的被動)
They were being followed.(過去進行的被動)
They will be being followed.(將來進行的被動)
2) have
They have worked.(現(xiàn)在完成)
They had worked.(過去完成)
They will have work.(將來完成)
3) have + be:
They have been working.(現(xiàn)在完成進行)
They had been working. (過去完成進行)
They will have been working.(將來完成進行)
The work has been done. (現(xiàn)在完成被動)
The work had been done. (過去完成被動)
The work will have been done. (將來完成被動)
The work has been being done. (現(xiàn)在完成進行的被動)
The work had been being done (過去完成進行的被動)
時態(tài)的比較
1.一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)I come from Shanghai.(上海人)
I have come from Shanghai.(從上海來)
(2)You read very well.(強調(diào)能力)
You've read very well.(強調(diào)一次剛完成的動作)
(3) I forget.(一時想不起來了)
I have forgotten.(仍沒想起來，可能已回憶起來了)
(4) The book is written in simple English.(表狀態(tài))
The book has been written in simple English.(表動態(tài)，已用英語寫成)
(5) Every time I see him，he's been reading.(兩個動作不可能同時進行).
Every time l have seen him，he's been reading.(強調(diào)兩個動作同時進行)
(6) He is gone.(強調(diào)狀態(tài))He has gone.(強調(diào)動作和時間)
(7) He won't come till the play begins.(演出開始時)
He won't come till the play has begun.(戲已開始)
(8)AfterI leave school，I'11 go to college.(兩個動作緊密相接)
After l have left school，I'll go to college.(強調(diào)畢業(yè)后，兩個動作可能有間隔)
(9) It is a long time since I saw you last.
It's been a long time since Isaw you last 這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國英語)
(10) Where are you?(在哪兒) Where have you been?(去了哪兒)
2.一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進行時
(1) He works hard.(強調(diào)始終如一) He is working hard.(強調(diào)現(xiàn)在)
(2) What do you do?(干什么工作的) What are you doing?(在干什么)
(3) Here comes the bus!(表高興和欣慰) The bus is coming.(汽車到來的情景)
(4) I forget his name.I'm forgetting his name.(差點把他的名字忘了)
(5) You don't eat much.(強調(diào)胃口不大)
You're not eating much.(你怎么不吃呀。)
(6) The match starts at 7 0'clock.(比較固定，不宜改變)
The match is starting at 7 0'clock.(可以改變)
(7) Tom always comes late.Tom is always coming late.(表示不滿，責(zé)備)
(8) Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(這兩句區(qū)別不大，后者更生動)
(9) I tell you.(我可以告訴你。)
I'm telling you.(我告訴你吧。有感情色彩)
(10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.(強調(diào)下午睡覺)
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味著整個下午都睡覺了)
(11) I expect you to phone me.(幾乎等于命令)
I'm expecting you to phone me.(婉轉(zhuǎn))
(12) What do you say?
What are you saying?(你說些什么呀?表說話人驚訝，不滿)
(13) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(強調(diào)結(jié)果)
I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me.(強調(diào)過程，逐漸感到)
(14) Apples cost more these days.(強調(diào)事實)
Apples are costing more these days.(越來越貴)
(15) He always thinks of others.(強調(diào)事實)
He's always thinking of others.(表示贊揚)
(16) Whenever I see him，he argues with somebody.(強調(diào)兩個動作有先后)
Whenever I see him，he is arguing with somebody.(強調(diào)兩個動作同時進行)
(17) I hope you'll give us some advice.(語氣直白)
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示語氣婉轉(zhuǎn))
(18) I must go.(我應(yīng)該去。)
I must be going.(我該走了。)
(19) We can discuss this while we eat.(說話時沒用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating . (進餐已開始)
It's been a long time since Isaw you last 這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國英語)
(20) Where are you?(在哪兒) Where have you been?(去了哪兒)
5.過去進行時與一般過去時
(1) I read a book yesterday.(書已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(書尚未看完)
(2) The guests arrived.(客人已到。)
The guests were arriving.(客人陸續(xù)到達。)
(3) He woke from a dream.(表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
(4) The o1d man died.(已死)
The o1d man was dying.(要死)
(5) John told me about it(告訴我了，我都知道了)
John was telling me about it(跟我談起過，我想了解更多的事情)
(6) They persuaded me to go along with them。(已經(jīng)說服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(還在勸說)
(7)The wind blew hard all night.(強調(diào)事實)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(強調(diào)風(fēng)刮個不停)
(8) I expected you.I was expecting you.(客氣，表示可能等了很久了)
(9) He knocked at the door.(強調(diào)一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(強調(diào)多次性)
6.一般將來時與現(xiàn)在進行時
(1) Will he come? Is he coming?(時間發(fā)生的比較近)
(2) How long will you stay here?(表示意愿)
How long will you be staying here?(表示打算)
(3) She’ll have a baby.(表示肯定)
She's going to have ababy.(表示推測，計劃)
(4)I’ll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算，已有安排)
7.一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時
(1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?表示婉轉(zhuǎn)，客氣
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