托福寫(xiě)作滿分評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有一條是這樣詮釋的：托福滿分作文的行文組織要系統(tǒng)，要有邏輯性。以下朗閣海外考試研究中心拿TPO 9綜合寫(xiě)作來(lái)舉個(gè)實(shí)例，先閱讀文章：
Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.(開(kāi)頭段)
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource; someday, we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.(主體段1)
閱讀文章的總內(nèi)容是：
Fuel-cell-engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines, 然后三個(gè)主體段落分別展開(kāi)說(shuō)明。
以上列舉了這個(gè)閱讀文章的開(kāi)頭段和主體段1, 筆者在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在看完閱讀文章后，并沒(méi)有真正理解文章的行文風(fēng)格：fuel-cell engine和internal-combustion engine在全文中進(jìn)行對(duì)比論證，正是由于沒(méi)有理解這層關(guān)系，學(xué)生就按照慣例認(rèn)為主體段第一句話是文章的中心，誤認(rèn)為中心句是：One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel.
然后學(xué)生就開(kāi)始記聽(tīng)力筆記，大致內(nèi)容是：be not easily available, store in an extremely surrounding, minus 253 degrees centigrade…
我相信大家在這里已經(jīng)看出問(wèn)題了：
聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容與閱讀內(nèi)容是沒(méi)有相對(duì)的點(diǎn)的，那么前后的邏輯性就很亂了。問(wèn)題就出在考生弄錯(cuò)了這篇閱讀文章真正要談的內(nèi)容，這篇文章真正的主題是fuel-cell engine而不是internal-combustion engine。
這個(gè)段落真正的主題句應(yīng)該是：The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted, 這樣根據(jù)剛才的聽(tīng)力筆記的關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)看閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料的具體內(nèi)容才是一一對(duì)應(yīng)的。
可見(jiàn)，在拿到一篇閱讀文章時(shí)，考生們一定要明白全文是對(duì)比論證，還是舉例論證。若是對(duì)比論證(如：上文中TPO 9的例子)，要準(zhǔn)確地找到研究?jī)?nèi)容;若是舉例論證，文章的總分結(jié)構(gòu)要明確，下面以TPO 5示范。
One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.(閱讀材料)
這篇閱讀文章的分論點(diǎn)一的內(nèi)容是：One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. 而在這個(gè)段落所對(duì)應(yīng)的聽(tīng)力細(xì)節(jié)關(guān)鍵詞就是：fewer fireplaces/ not enough for 100 people…。在書(shū)寫(xiě)過(guò)程中運(yùn)用好轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系就使得綜合寫(xiě)作段落組織有序，銜接緊密，有很強(qiáng)的邏輯性。那么這個(gè)段落書(shū)寫(xiě)如下：The reading passage says that such housing structure was applied for residence, with each housing hundreds of people. On the other hand, the lecturer believes that there were fewer fireplaces providing for people application, let alone satisfying more than 100 people.
在獨(dú)立作文中對(duì)邏輯性也有相關(guān)的要求：考生在提出論點(diǎn)之后，必須尋找相關(guān)的例證來(lái)支持和充實(shí)自己的論點(diǎn)。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，在托福考試中考生可以發(fā)散地進(jìn)行說(shuō)理和尋找例證，但若是將自己所舉的例證進(jìn)行一定加工，按照由主到次、讓步轉(zhuǎn)折等順序進(jìn)行排列，則能更好地顯示出各個(gè)例證之間的邏輯關(guān)系，讓舉例或是說(shuō)理論證的過(guò)程更有層次性，這樣的文章才稱(chēng)得上well-organized and well-developed. 以下面一個(gè)考題為例：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Improving education is the most important thing in the development of a country.(題目)
Secondly, improving education seems to regulate the quality of population, which in turn promotes a favorable civilization. For instance, because of the lack of quality-oriented education, most students nowadays always perform badly, including showing no respect to elders, dropping litter here and there, and particularly arguing with others for simple things. Worse more, increasing number of news appears that the rate of teenage crime is rising up rapidly. If the education system is not regulated, the monolithic image will be destroyed, and will induce some negative impact to a country’s development. It turned that, education is playing an important and indispensible role in the development of a country.(考生文章1)
在這個(gè)段落中，這位考生是先舉實(shí)例再說(shuō)理論證，在這樣的層次論證中，閱卷者就會(huì)覺(jué)得內(nèi)容清晰并且邏輯性強(qiáng)。同樣的題目再列舉另外一個(gè)考生寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容：
Secondly, improving education will improve the level of quality and makes the country become a civilization state. Take the example of the National University of Singapore; it has a strict teaching management system. At school, many people will take punishments because of a little thing like spiting and throwing garbage anywhere. To a certain degree, people will realize that a school is society in miniature. Gradually, their levels of quality will be higher and higher not only in a school but also in a country. So, the Singapore is known for its civilization. To sum up, the education has the most important effect on a country.(考生文章2)
兩個(gè)考生寫(xiě)了同樣內(nèi)容的段落，都采用了兩種論證方式，而且論點(diǎn)集中(unity)--所有的論據(jù)都指向論點(diǎn)。
綜上所述，在著手寫(xiě)新托福作文時(shí)，對(duì)于綜合寫(xiě)作，考生們要理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)，確定最終所寫(xiě)的聽(tīng)力與閱讀內(nèi)容具有相關(guān)性和對(duì)比性;而對(duì)于獨(dú)立作文在段落書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)要分層論證，句子間要緊密銜接并且所有的論據(jù)要圍繞中心論點(diǎn)，這樣就可以使段落的邏輯思路更清晰。