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    l(f)r(sh)g:2017-08-17 ݋:younian

    1“иxҪxȫĆ?”

    ETSƬThe Life of An ItemV҂һ(g)x(xing)O(sh)Ӌ(j)ֹ“__e(cu)`e(cu)`”߀Ҫ_“all the passage is covered by items”xxȫΰÿһ(g)x(xing)?

    2“W(xu)g(sh)(qing)иɿ(j)?”

    иԇxӢZ(y)Z(y)Ԝy(c)ԇ(yng)ԓעڜy(c)ԇW(xu)“Z(y)”⿼쿼“W(xu)g(sh)֪R(sh)”ԓ(wn)}ETSаl(f)(jng)F.Robinشf(shu)иҲCriterion-Referenced|(zh)@ɱʹÌW(xu)g(sh)õČW(xu)ڿԇռЃ(yu)(sh)

    3P(gun)Iʲô?

    ETSu(png)B.SuomiŮʿ˼Ļشdeveloping your ideaҲLJ@^c(din)(})M(jn)жչ_(dng)Ȼǰǵ^c(din)_ӢZ(y)(li)

    4ʲôǿԇеy}?

    ETSu(png)B.SuomiŮʿJ(rn)A difficult item requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high level concept, not because it tests obscure or esoteric matter.

    5ܲx?

    “иxµL(zhng)ȱc}Ŀ(sh)ƥ”@x}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)ԭtˣ“xŸo(w)UԒ”mETSxԇҪˈDxҪ܉xȫIJ}P(gun)ϢЩͬW(xu)f(shu)“Mx꣬Ǵ_(sh)xôk?” ETSB.SuomiŮʿĽhȻŬx£keep reading, keep practicing.

    6?jn)?sh)Ҫ?

    ETSu(png)J.Bardشǿ϶x}Ҳܿ錑ǿ鲻(li)productivityֻʹ^}ʽܿW(xu)λr(sh)g(ni)Įa(chn)@ҲZ(y)ҪwF(xin)|(zh)?jn)?sh)ͬҪZ(y)ͬ

    SadekŮʿf(shu)?jn)?sh)Խ෸e(cu)ĿԾԽŶ!(d)300DZ^ǡ(dng)?sh)һƪ²ڌ˶չ_ՓC}Ŀ(Topic development is the most important issue here.) ͬr(sh)еf(shu)No memorized language! ҪģŶ!

    7“(f)h(hu)۷ֆ”?

    ETSŮ醾팣Kimf(shu)ǵ(f)hǞ醾Ĺƽԣ(f)hĴ}oµϼ(j)醾õijɿ(j)пܸڵڻԭгɿ(j)Xؔ(ci)һ(zi)(f)hL(fng)U(xin)X֔(jn)

    8ܶͬW(xu)˛_ķ^ƫ}y}ό(du)(du)?

    Ҫ^(q)e(du)ETS}Federic Robin_f(shu)If we intend for an item to be difficult, we make certain that it is difficult because it requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high-level concept, not because it tests obscure or esoteric matter.Ҳf(shu)@(g)y}߉݋(f)s߸(li)(zhn)@ǿԽܵr;@Щy}?yn)?ni)ݻޝ?yun)WҊ(jin)ô@N}һ҂ҪԵIJ

    9ɷ(j)^ؼ(li)ų“O~R”x(xing)?

    ?yn)ٷڳ}ĕr(sh)ѽ(jng)(hu)x@Щ~oYxˡFederekf(shu)“Distracters(wrong options) should not include specific determiners(“always”/“never”)”.

    10΁(li)(du)ÿһx}?

    x}ĵһx(du)ǽ^(du)܃HHMڵһ, һҪŪÿ(g)_x(xing)_ԭͬr(sh)ÿһ(g)e(cu)`x(xing)e(cu)`ԭETS}AshmoreV҂}ĕr(sh)@ôģᘌ(du)ÿһ}һҪѴ𰸵ԭضx_(li)

    • Articulate why each distracter(wrong option) is wrong

    • Consider whether you could defend the key(right option) to an examinee.

    11(x)(ji)}Dzһ(hu)Ҫļ(x)(ji)?Щ߅߅߅ǵļ(x)(ji)ɲܕ(hu)?

    ETSنTJefff(shu)ÿһ}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)(li)ĕr(sh)}߶(hu)(wn)ԼDoes the item measure something worth measuring, or is it trivial and unimportant?O(sh)Ӌ(j)F(tun)(du)Ўׂ(g)ɆTxtĕ(hu)@(g)}Ŀڳ}ĕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)O_x(xing)?yn)length, complexity,or diction stand out.

    12Z(y)@NsubjectiveĿԇƽ?

    1).ÿһ(g)Z(y)responseǶһ(g)rater(Œ(sh),ETSvf(shu)17350(g)raters......)(li)ĵDZSC(j)ķֽoͬraters(li)@ӾͿԴpͬһ(g)rater(du)(yn)(du)ɶӰijһ(g)˵ķ?jn)?sh)M(jn)Cƽ

    2).Z(y)ģǴ_е.v˷һοпZ(y)dz(bio)(zhn)ҲdzǾ܇AԒmڶ(g)}ĿĴ](mi)Ќ(sh)|(zh)(ni)ݣıٽo˺ܵ͵ķ?jn)?sh)

    13Z(y)ԇе¼?

    ٸV҂ஔ(dng)test takersڿZ(y)ԇĕr(sh)򣬕(hu)f(shu)I hate ETS.You make my life miserable.I am so mad about you. (dng)(wn)ж@ӵtest takersr(sh)ٟo(w)εЦЦf(shu)more than you could expect.

    ؟(z)•վϢ(li)ԴھW(wng)j(lu)D(zhun)ddzڂfϢ֮Ŀζٝͬ^c(din)C(sh)(ni)ݵ挍(sh)ԡCϢĺ(zhn)_ԺҲ(du)ϢIJ(zhn)_z©(do)µκΓpʧpГ(dn)؟(z)ΡW(wng)վϢH׺ͷ(w)ĸ(j)ʹñW(wng)Yϰl(f)ƫվŲؓ(f)؟(z)಻ؓ(f)κη؟(z)ΣCKጙ(qun)

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