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  • 考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

    時(shí)間:2022-12-09 12:25:48 學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié) 我要投稿

    2017考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

      冠詞(Article)

    2017考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

      一、單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

      單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前必須加冠詞,a(an)表示泛指或類(lèi)指,the表示特指或類(lèi)指。

      例句: Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. (選自2008年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句是Washington overcame the strong opposition..., who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾Washington,該句中又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句作believe的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之后,華盛頓才開(kāi)始認(rèn)為人生來(lái)平等。他克服了親人的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì),在遺囑中給自己的奴隸們自由。

      例句: While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (選自2007年P(guān)art C)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中supplied to them by lawyers作定語(yǔ)修飾interpretations,undue reliance意為“過(guò)分依賴(lài)”。

      譯文: 雖然法律報(bào)道的質(zhì)量各不相同,但是許多新聞?dòng)浾叨歼^(guò)分依賴(lài)律師提供給他們的解釋。

      二、定冠詞the的用法

      在下述幾種情況下須用定冠詞the:表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的名詞,用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或某些形容詞前代表一類(lèi)人或事物,用在形容詞、副詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞和only之前。樂(lè)器名稱(chēng)前要加定冠詞the。

      如:

      the sun the moon the universe the camel

      the blind the largest island the only student the piano

      例句: The universe works in a way so far removed from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it. (1998年第19題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what common sense would allow...作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)從句,該句中還包含一個(gè)so...that...從句。

      譯文: 宇宙運(yùn)行的方式與常識(shí)所允許的構(gòu)思相距甚遠(yuǎn),因此任何一種語(yǔ)言也必然不足以把它解釋清楚。

      例句: But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, as we went from Wordsworth?s daffodils to Baudelaire?s flowers of evil. (選自2006年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干結(jié)構(gòu)是more artists began seeing happiness as..., 而as we went from Wordsworth?s daffodils to Baudelaire?s flowers of evil是一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 但是從19世紀(jì)的某個(gè)時(shí)候開(kāi)始,當(dāng)我們從華茲華斯的《水仙花》轉(zhuǎn)向波德萊爾的《惡之花》時(shí),越來(lái)越多的藝術(shù)家開(kāi)始把快樂(lè)看做是毫無(wú)意義的、虛假的甚至是令人厭倦的東西。

      三、人名、地名等專(zhuān)有名詞

      人名、地名等專(zhuān)有名詞前一般不用冠詞,但在海洋、河流、山脈、群島以及含有普通名詞的專(zhuān)有名詞前一般加定冠詞。

      如:

      the Atlantic Ocean (大西洋)

      the Red Sea (紅海)

      the Society for Anglo Chinese Understanding (英中了解協(xié)會(huì))

      the Special Economic Zone (經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū))

      例句: The four special economic zones(SEZS) in Guangdong and Fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities and Hainan island have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor. (選自Far Eastern Economic Review)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 廣東與福建兩省的四個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)、14個(gè)沿海開(kāi)放城市及海南島都有專(zhuān)門(mén)為外國(guó)投資者制定的稅收及其他鼓勵(lì)投資政策。

      四、抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞

      抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí),前面通常不用冠詞,但特指時(shí),則一定要加定冠詞。

      例句: I admire the patience of scientific workers, which gives me much revelation.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,包含一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 我欽佩科研工作者的耐心,那給了我很多啟示。

      五、動(dòng)名詞

      動(dòng)名詞前一般不加冠詞,但表示確定特指含義的動(dòng)名詞前要加定冠詞。

      例句: Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中requiring...在句中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),對(duì)主語(yǔ)some uniforms作進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明,形容詞短語(yǔ)possible with many types of civilian clothes在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾the home laundering。

      譯文: 有些制服維護(hù)費(fèi)用也比較昂貴,需要專(zhuān)業(yè)清洗,而不能使用洗滌其他普通衣物的家庭洗滌方式。

      六、一般不加冠詞的一些名詞

      1. 節(jié)日前一般不加冠詞,如Christmas,但也有例外。

      如:

      the Spring Festival(春節(jié))

      the Mid autumn Festival(中秋節(jié))

      the Dragon Boat Festival(端午節(jié))

      例句: Before the Spring Festival, the leaders of the village made the house to house survey, inquiring in each family about their needs and problems.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中inquiring in each family about their needs and problems在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 在春節(jié)前夕,村中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)挨家挨戶(hù)地走訪(fǎng),詢(xún)問(wèn)每個(gè)家庭的需要和問(wèn)題。

      2. 一日三餐表示一般意義時(shí),其前面不用冠詞,但表示特殊含義時(shí)可用a或the。

      例句: My little son had a big breakfast this morning,and it was the very breakfast that made him uncomfortable the whole day.

      分析: 該句是并列句,其中第二個(gè)分句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句。

      譯文: 小兒子今早吃得太多,就是這頓早餐使他一整天都不舒服。

      3. 公園、街道、體育項(xiàng)目、游戲等名稱(chēng)前一般不用冠詞,季節(jié)、月份等日期前一般不用冠詞,但表示特指時(shí)須加冠詞。

      例句: Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their team.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中定語(yǔ)從句that denied victory to their team修飾decisions。

      譯文: 盡管1998年世界杯早已塵埃落定,但失望的球迷仍然對(duì)那個(gè)使自己球隊(duì)痛失勝利的有爭(zhēng)議的判罰耿耿于懷。

      名詞的所有格

      名詞的格是表示名詞或代詞與句中其他詞之間意義關(guān)系的形式,英語(yǔ)中格的形式有普通格(common case)和屬格(genitive case),屬格又被稱(chēng)為所有格,當(dāng)名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系時(shí),名詞便采用屬格形式,屬格分為兩種:一種是?s屬格,另一種是由介詞詞組構(gòu)成的of屬格。

      單數(shù)名詞加?s,復(fù)數(shù)名詞加“?”(不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞仍加“?s”),如:

      a boy?s sister

      the children?s holiday

      the teachers? room

      例句: And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today?s data and feel fairly confident.” (選自2008年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分是Gordon says that...。

      譯文: 如果你需要預(yù)測(cè)人類(lèi)在不久將來(lái)的身高情況以設(shè)計(jì)一種新的衣服,戈登認(rèn)為基本上“你可以使用今天的(身高)數(shù)據(jù),并且感到頗有信心!

      用s屬格時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下問(wèn)題:

      (一)復(fù)合名詞在最后一個(gè)詞后加“?s”

      如:

      my sister in law?s present (我嫂子的禮物)

      the commander in chief?s wife (總司令的妻子)

      the grandson?s toys (孫子的玩具)

      (二)由兩個(gè)或三個(gè)名詞并列組成的詞組所有格

      由兩個(gè)或三個(gè)名詞并列組成的詞組,如在最后一個(gè)詞后加?s表示并列名詞的共有關(guān)系;如各個(gè)名詞后都加?s則表示并列各名詞的所有關(guān)系,如:

      Tom and John?s car/Tom?s and John?s cars

      前者指Tom和John兩人共有的一輛汽車(chē);后者指Tom和John兩人各自的汽車(chē),故用復(fù)數(shù)cars。

      (三)s屬格和of短語(yǔ)的所有格

      s屬格和of短語(yǔ)都可表示所屬關(guān)系、主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,但表示類(lèi)別時(shí)只能用?s所有格。

      如:

      women?s shoes (女鞋)

      students? books (學(xué)生用書(shū))

      a master?s degree (研究生學(xué)位)

      例句: And even more incredible is the young brain?s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

      分析:該句是倒裝句,正常句序是the young brain?s...in new ways is even more incredible,主語(yǔ)中to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine...在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾ability。

      譯文: 更令人難以相信的是,幼兒能從其周?chē)s亂的聲音中識(shí)別語(yǔ)言順序,并能分析和按新的方式組合與重新組合語(yǔ)言成分。

      名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)

      (一)不可數(shù)名詞

      a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可數(shù)名詞

      例句: The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.

      (1995年第14題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that man...navigator是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明one man; who lived...是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明Prince Henry。

      譯文: 葡萄牙人給了這位促進(jìn)海上旅行的人很多榮譽(yù),此人便是15世紀(jì)的航海家亨利王子。

      例句: If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(選自2009年P(guān)art C)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。主句we may well believe...中帶有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句, if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中包含that引導(dǎo)的從句作realizing的賓語(yǔ),短語(yǔ)made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得進(jìn)展”。

      譯文: 每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的最終價(jià)值在于其對(duì)人類(lèi)的獨(dú)特影響,如果人類(lèi)在對(duì)此的認(rèn)識(shí)上已有所進(jìn)展,那么我們也許完全可以相信這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)已在與年輕人打交道的過(guò)程中學(xué)會(huì)了。

      (二)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

      some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

      例句: Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (選自2009年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是并列句,在第二個(gè)句子中they?ve apparently learned是一個(gè)省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾things。

      譯文: 許多別的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí),而且它們已經(jīng)明顯學(xué)會(huì)的東西之一就是何時(shí)停止學(xué)習(xí)。

      例句: But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (選自2009年P(guān)art B)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中短語(yǔ)“in favor of ”的意思是“贊成,支持;有利于”。

      譯文: 但在20世紀(jì)初,許多人類(lèi)學(xué)家也反對(duì)文化特殊論,轉(zhuǎn)而支持文化傳播論。

      (三)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞

      meansseriesspeciessheep

      deerfishgrouse(松雞)plaice(鰈魚(yú))

      swine(野豬)Vietnamese(越南人)Viennese(維也納人)Japanese

      ChinesePortugueseSwisscraft

      aircraftspacecrafthovercraft(氣墊船)

      例句: The data received from the two spacecraft whirling around Mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干是the data...indicate that..., 其中received...Mars作定語(yǔ)修飾the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 環(huán)繞火星的兩艘宇宙飛船接收到的數(shù)據(jù)表明, 有充分的證據(jù)表明該行星的赤道附近正下著大暴雨。

      例句: Crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33題)

      譯文: 許多動(dòng)物物種日漸減少, 用危機(jī)一詞來(lái)描述再恰當(dāng)不過(guò)了。

      (四)下列兩類(lèi)名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式, 與動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)連用

      表示由兩部分組成的物體名詞,如:

      calipers(卡鉗)glasses scales(磅秤)pants

      pliers(鉗子)scissors trousers shoes

      jeans shorts(短褲)

      這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,前有a pair of修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。

      例句: I?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?

      譯文: 我想把行李過(guò)一下磅,有磅秤嗎?

      例句: The girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.

      譯文: 姑娘戴著從眼鏡行買(mǎi)來(lái)的太陽(yáng)鏡,而那副舊眼鏡已經(jīng)折斷了。

      另外還有: arms goodsclothes

      contents headquarters minutes(會(huì)議記錄)

      regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,問(wèn)候)

      thanks fireworks(煙火)archives(檔案)

      例句: My wages are the principle source of my income.

      譯文: 薪金是我收入的主要來(lái)源。

      (五)有些名詞雖以s結(jié)尾,卻表示單數(shù)概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

      1. 學(xué)科名稱(chēng):

      politics linguistics

      physics economics

      mathematics ethics

      electronics informatics

      mechanics(力學(xué)) statistics

      acoustics(聲學(xué))athletics

      phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué))

      例句: Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (2000年第8題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 與從事藥品工業(yè)的人一交談,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自從盤(pán)尼西林被研制出以后,遺傳學(xué)是對(duì)藥品研究最大的沖擊。

      2.游戲名稱(chēng),如: checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投鏢游戲)、 billiards(彈子戲)、 cards(紙牌)以及專(zhuān)有名詞,如 Naples(那不勒斯),the United States,the New York Times等,但表示瀑布、山脈、島嶼的以s結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞常表復(fù)數(shù)。

      例句: Today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the people of various countries like作定語(yǔ)修飾sports activity。

      譯文: 今天,斯諾克臺(tái)球已經(jīng)成為各國(guó)人民普遍喜愛(ài)的一項(xiàng)國(guó)際性的體育活動(dòng)。

      例句: Naples is an important seaport of the southwest in Italy.

      譯文: 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一個(gè)重要海港。

      (六)集體名詞數(shù)的問(wèn)題

      1. 有些集體名詞后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:

      merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggage

      baggage foliage(樹(shù)葉)

      例句: Modern machinery has been installed in the company.

      譯文: 公司已經(jīng)安裝了現(xiàn)代化的機(jī)械。

      例句: This class of merchandise is usually sold on D/P(documents payment) basis.

      譯文: 這種商品通常在付款交單的基礎(chǔ)上出售。

      2.有些集體名詞后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:

      people police poultry clergy(教士)

      vermin(害蟲(chóng))cattle militia(民兵)

      例句: These vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.

      譯文: 這些害蟲(chóng)對(duì)莊稼有害,應(yīng)該盡快把它們消滅掉。

      例句: All the poultry in Hong Kong were destroyed to stop the threat.

      譯文: 為了消除威脅,香港屠殺了所有家禽。

      3.有些集體名詞,如:

      audience boardfamily class couple crew

      committeegovernment jury party team public

      company

      做整體講時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)看做集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

      例句: My family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.

      譯文: 我家人都喜歡頂碗的游戲,所以很少錯(cuò)過(guò)相關(guān)節(jié)目。

      例句: My family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.

      譯文: 我們家是一個(gè)大家庭,于是鄰居們常稱(chēng)我們家為大家庭。

      注: 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體時(shí),集體名詞一般應(yīng)使用單位詞,如:

      three heads of cattle 三頭牛

      a piece of luggage 一件行李

      (七)有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式不同,詞義也發(fā)生變化

      例如: air(空氣)——airs(樣子,擺架子)

      anxiety(焦慮)——anxieties(令人憂(yōu)慮的事)

      brain(大腦)——brains(智力)

      custom(風(fēng)俗)——customs(海關(guān))

      damage(損壞)——damages(賠償金)

      delicacy(微妙)——delicacies(山珍海味)

      disorder(混亂)——disorders(小病,病痛)

      experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))——experiences(經(jīng)歷)

      fear(恐懼)——fears(擔(dān)心)

      glass(玻璃)——glasses(眼鏡)

      joy(快樂(lè))——joys(令人快樂(lè)的人或事)

      kindness(善意)——kindnesses(善行)

      pity(憐憫)——pities(不幸)

      people(人民)——peoples(民族)

      security(安全)——securities(證券,債券)

      time(時(shí)間)——times(時(shí)代)

      work(工作)——works(作品)

      authority(權(quán)威,權(quán)力)——authorities(官方,當(dāng)局)

      例句: They want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中expose sb. to sth.意為“使某人暴露在……之下”。

      譯文: 他們想讓那些教育背景欠佳的學(xué)生接受一種既有創(chuàng)造性又能豐富人生的為期五年的教育。

      例句: The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介詞短語(yǔ),作a central organization的定語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 首先創(chuàng)辦一個(gè)有權(quán)管理技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的中心組織,以便更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)各獨(dú)立國(guó)家之間的結(jié)合。

      名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)

      (一)不可數(shù)名詞

      a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可數(shù)名詞

      例句: The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.

      (1995年第14題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that man...navigator是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明one man; who lived...是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明Prince Henry。

      譯文: 葡萄牙人給了這位促進(jìn)海上旅行的人很多榮譽(yù),此人便是15世紀(jì)的航海家亨利王子。

      例句: If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(選自2009年P(guān)art C)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。主句we may well believe...中帶有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句, if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中包含that引導(dǎo)的從句作realizing的賓語(yǔ),短語(yǔ)made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得進(jìn)展”。

      譯文: 每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的最終價(jià)值在于其對(duì)人類(lèi)的獨(dú)特影響,如果人類(lèi)在對(duì)此的認(rèn)識(shí)上已有所進(jìn)展,那么我們也許完全可以相信這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)已在與年輕人打交道的過(guò)程中學(xué)會(huì)了。

      (二)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

      some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

      例句: Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (選自2009年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是并列句,在第二個(gè)句子中they?ve apparently learned是一個(gè)省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾things。

      譯文: 許多別的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí),而且它們已經(jīng)明顯學(xué)會(huì)的東西之一就是何時(shí)停止學(xué)習(xí)。

      例句: But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (選自2009年P(guān)art B)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中短語(yǔ)“in favor of ”的意思是“贊成,支持;有利于”。

      譯文: 但在20世紀(jì)初,許多人類(lèi)學(xué)家也反對(duì)文化特殊論,轉(zhuǎn)而支持文化傳播論。

      (三)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞

      meansseriesspeciessheep

      deerfishgrouse(松雞)plaice(鰈魚(yú))

      swine(野豬)Vietnamese(越南人)Viennese(維也納人)Japanese

      ChinesePortugueseSwisscraft

      aircraftspacecrafthovercraft(氣墊船)

      例句: The data received from the two spacecraft whirling around Mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干是the data...indicate that..., 其中received...Mars作定語(yǔ)修飾the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 環(huán)繞火星的兩艘宇宙飛船接收到的數(shù)據(jù)表明, 有充分的證據(jù)表明該行星的赤道附近正下著大暴雨。

      例句: Crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33題)

      譯文: 許多動(dòng)物物種日漸減少, 用危機(jī)一詞來(lái)描述再恰當(dāng)不過(guò)了。

      (四)下列兩類(lèi)名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式, 與動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)連用

      表示由兩部分組成的物體名詞,如:

      calipers(卡鉗)glasses scales(磅秤)pants

      pliers(鉗子)scissors trousers shoes

      jeans shorts(短褲)

      這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,前有a pair of修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。

      例句: I?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?

      譯文: 我想把行李過(guò)一下磅,有磅秤嗎?

      例句: The girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.

      譯文: 姑娘戴著從眼鏡行買(mǎi)來(lái)的太陽(yáng)鏡,而那副舊眼鏡已經(jīng)折斷了。

      另外還有: arms goodsclothes

      contents headquarters minutes(會(huì)議記錄)

      regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,問(wèn)候)

      thanks fireworks(煙火)archives(檔案)

      例句: My wages are the principle source of my income.

      譯文: 薪金是我收入的主要來(lái)源。

      (五)有些名詞雖以s結(jié)尾,卻表示單數(shù)概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

      1. 學(xué)科名稱(chēng):

      politics linguistics

      physics economics

      mathematics ethics

      electronics informatics

      mechanics(力學(xué)) statistics

      acoustics(聲學(xué))athletics

      phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué))

      例句: Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (2000年第8題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 與從事藥品工業(yè)的人一交談,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自從盤(pán)尼西林被研制出以后,遺傳學(xué)是對(duì)藥品研究最大的沖擊。

      2.游戲名稱(chēng),如: checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投鏢游戲)、 billiards(彈子戲)、 cards(紙牌)以及專(zhuān)有名詞,如 Naples(那不勒斯),the United States,the New York Times等,但表示瀑布、山脈、島嶼的以s結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞常表復(fù)數(shù)。

      例句: Today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the people of various countries like作定語(yǔ)修飾sports activity。

      譯文: 今天,斯諾克臺(tái)球已經(jīng)成為各國(guó)人民普遍喜愛(ài)的一項(xiàng)國(guó)際性的體育活動(dòng)。

      例句: Naples is an important seaport of the southwest in Italy.

      譯文: 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一個(gè)重要海港。

      (六)集體名詞數(shù)的問(wèn)題

      1. 有些集體名詞后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:

      merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggage

      baggage foliage(樹(shù)葉)

      例句: Modern machinery has been installed in the company.

      譯文: 公司已經(jīng)安裝了現(xiàn)代化的機(jī)械。

      例句: This class of merchandise is usually sold on D/P(documents payment) basis.

      譯文: 這種商品通常在付款交單的基礎(chǔ)上出售。

      2.有些集體名詞后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:

      people police poultry clergy(教士)

      vermin(害蟲(chóng))cattle militia(民兵)

      例句: These vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.

      譯文: 這些害蟲(chóng)對(duì)莊稼有害,應(yīng)該盡快把它們消滅掉。

      例句: All the poultry in Hong Kong were destroyed to stop the threat.

      譯文: 為了消除威脅,香港屠殺了所有家禽。

      3.有些集體名詞,如:

      audience boardfamily class couple crew

      committeegovernment jury party team public

      company

      做整體講時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)看做集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

      例句: My family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.

      譯文: 我家人都喜歡頂碗的游戲,所以很少錯(cuò)過(guò)相關(guān)節(jié)目。

      例句: My family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.

      譯文: 我們家是一個(gè)大家庭,于是鄰居們常稱(chēng)我們家為大家庭。

      注: 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體時(shí),集體名詞一般應(yīng)使用單位詞,如:

      three heads of cattle 三頭牛

      a piece of luggage 一件行李

      (七)有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式不同,詞義也發(fā)生變化

      例如: air(空氣)——airs(樣子,擺架子)

      anxiety(焦慮)——anxieties(令人憂(yōu)慮的事)

      brain(大腦)——brains(智力)

      custom(風(fēng)俗)——customs(海關(guān))

      damage(損壞)——damages(賠償金)

      delicacy(微妙)——delicacies(山珍海味)

      disorder(混亂)——disorders(小病,病痛)

      experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))——experiences(經(jīng)歷)

      fear(恐懼)——fears(擔(dān)心)

      glass(玻璃)——glasses(眼鏡)

      joy(快樂(lè))——joys(令人快樂(lè)的人或事)

      kindness(善意)——kindnesses(善行)

      pity(憐憫)——pities(不幸)

      people(人民)——peoples(民族)

      security(安全)——securities(證券,債券)

      time(時(shí)間)——times(時(shí)代)

      work(工作)——works(作品)

      authority(權(quán)威,權(quán)力)——authorities(官方,當(dāng)局)

      例句: They want to expose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中expose sb. to sth.意為“使某人暴露在……之下”。

      譯文: 他們想讓那些教育背景欠佳的學(xué)生接受一種既有創(chuàng)造性又能豐富人生的為期五年的教育。

      例句: The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authority over technical economic tasks.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介詞短語(yǔ),作a central organization的定語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 首先創(chuàng)辦一個(gè)有權(quán)管理技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的中心組織,以便更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)各獨(dú)立國(guó)家之間的結(jié)合。

      動(dòng)詞

      動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞,根據(jù)其意義和作用,動(dòng)詞可分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞涉及的內(nèi)容很多,本書(shū)僅就研究生考試中常涉及的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)態(tài)一致以及部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞作深入講解。

      一、時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)

      時(shí)態(tài)是表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和表現(xiàn)方式的一種動(dòng)詞形式,英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有16種,但在研究生考試以及其他考試中?嫉臅r(shí)態(tài)只有幾種。不管何種時(shí)態(tài),所包含的主要內(nèi)容都是相同的,即時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及用法。這里著重講解重要時(shí)態(tài)的用法。

      (一)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(Simple Present Tense)

      1. 表示客觀真理或科學(xué)事實(shí)。

      例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moon?s surface is only one sixth of that at the earth?s surface.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修飾a mass;in consequence后是另一個(gè)并列句。

      譯文: 月球的質(zhì)量差不多是地球質(zhì)量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。

      例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (2001年第8題)

      分析: 該句由兩個(gè)句子構(gòu)成,前一個(gè)是簡(jiǎn)單句,后一個(gè)句子是復(fù)合句;that后是一賓語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 翻譯中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于找到一個(gè)相對(duì)應(yīng)的概念。這就是說(shuō),在翻譯過(guò)程中一種語(yǔ)言的概念會(huì)丟失或發(fā)生意義上的改變。

      2. 表示現(xiàn)在反復(fù)發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作以及存在的狀態(tài),常與always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

      例句: It?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位語(yǔ);when后省略了people are。

      譯文: 人們?cè)诒┡瓡r(shí)通常會(huì)喪失理智。

      例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (選自2003年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分為physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分詞短語(yǔ)frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定語(yǔ);從句what is scientifically justified作介詞beyond 的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 醫(yī)生由于不能夠治愈疾病,同時(shí)又擔(dān)心病人失去希望,因而常常采用極端大膽的治療方法,這些方法遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了科學(xué)所能認(rèn)同的界限。

      3. 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的將來(lái)動(dòng)作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等詞。

      例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。該復(fù)合句中包含when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 他來(lái)時(shí),請(qǐng)轉(zhuǎn)告他我告訴你的一切。

      4. 用在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

      例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.

      分析: 該句中的the moment為連詞,意為“一……就”,相當(dāng)于as soon as。

      譯文:他一結(jié)束工作就會(huì)來(lái)。

      例句: If it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.

      譯文: 如果明天天氣好的話(huà),我們將去逛商場(chǎng)。

      5. 表示主語(yǔ)的能力、性格、個(gè)性等。

      例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (2001年第25題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,surpass前省略了不定式to。

      譯文: 作為一門(mén)產(chǎn)業(yè),生物技術(shù)在營(yíng)業(yè)額上可以與電子業(yè)相媲美,并且到了2020年還有可能在社會(huì)影響上超過(guò)它。

      例句: The director treats his staff as equals.

      譯文: 主任對(duì)其下屬一視同仁。

      6. 表示格言或警句。

      例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.

      譯文: 一個(gè)籬笆三個(gè)樁,一個(gè)好漢三個(gè)幫。

      例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.

      譯文: 讀史使人明智,讀詩(shī)使人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,倫理使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯。

      (二)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(Present Perfect Tense)

      1. 已完成用法: 表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一不明確的時(shí)間已完成,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,這一用法常不帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或可與不明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如: already,yet,ever,just,never。

      例句: I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (2006年第48題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。在because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中又加入了由while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 我之所以將他(普通科學(xué)家)排除在外,是因?yàn)楸M管他的成果可能有助于解決道德問(wèn)題,但他承擔(dān)的任務(wù)只不過(guò)是研究這些問(wèn)題的事實(shí)方面。

      例句:The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (選自2011年Text 3)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句。主句的主干部分是The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk。that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾changes;that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible, and much more damaging ways是risk的同位語(yǔ)從句,介詞短語(yǔ)in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways在該同位語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ),表示方式,修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞voice。

      譯文:同樣是這些重大的技術(shù)變革,在給營(yíng)銷(xiāo)商帶來(lái)更多的(以及更多樣化的)傳播渠道選擇的同時(shí),也增加了風(fēng)險(xiǎn),那就是熱情洋溢的消費(fèi)者將會(huì)以更快、更明顯和更具破壞性的方式表達(dá)他們的觀點(diǎn)。

      2. 未完成用法: 表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,還有可能持續(xù)下去,強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)性,這一用法要帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),如: recently, these days, for 3 years, since 2000, over the past等。

      例句: For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 比如,人們?cè)缫阎,完全剝奪其睡眠對(duì)老鼠而言絕對(duì)是致命的。然而,在檢驗(yàn)動(dòng)物尸體時(shí),那些動(dòng)物看起來(lái)是完全正常的。

      例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自2002年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句中定語(yǔ)從句that is dangerous,boring,burdensome...修飾work, since...在句中作狀語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 自從人類(lèi)具有了獨(dú)創(chuàng)性以來(lái),人們就發(fā)明了愈加精巧的工具來(lái)處理那些危險(xiǎn)、無(wú)聊、麻煩或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。

      3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用于時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作。

      例句: I?ll help you when I have finished my work. I will return the book if I have finished it.

      4. 下列表達(dá)方式后要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

      This (That/It) is the first (second...)...

      This (That/It) is the best (finest/worst/most interesting...)...

      例句: This is the first time that China has had such negotiations with a G 7 member, the official said.

      譯文: 該官員說(shuō),這是中國(guó)與七國(guó)集團(tuán)成員首次進(jìn)行這樣的談判。

      例句: This is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months.

      譯文: 幾個(gè)月來(lái)他第一次真正感到放松。

      注意: 如果主句動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去時(shí)間,從句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí);如果主句動(dòng)詞表示將來(lái)時(shí)間,從句仍使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

      例句: It was the best picture that she had seen.

      It will be the best picture that she has seen.

      5. 有些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。

      如:

      up till nowso farat (for) the past (last) years

      in recent yearsup to present

      例句: For the past several years, the Sunday Newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn”. (選自2007年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中called“Ask Marilyn”作后置定語(yǔ),修飾a column。

      譯文: 在過(guò)去的幾年里,《展示雜志》周日增刊上出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)叫做“向瑪瑞林提問(wèn)”的特色專(zhuān)欄。

      (三)過(guò)去完成時(shí)(Past Perfect Tense)

      1. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻以前發(fā)生和完成的動(dòng)作,即過(guò)去的過(guò)去,常用于主從復(fù)合句中。

      例句: She felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed. (2001年第4題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用的是過(guò)去完成時(shí),所以主句只能用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài);由于主句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)felt,那么其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí),即 as后的完整形式應(yīng)是as she had felt。

      譯文: 她舉止謙遜、得體,就像他當(dāng)初見(jiàn)到她時(shí)她所表現(xiàn)的那樣: 金黃色的卷發(fā),尖尖的紅指甲。

      例句: Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (選自2007年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。he liberated是修飾the areas的定語(yǔ),在從句前省略了作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系 代詞which或that。

      譯文: 玻利瓦爾接受過(guò)海地的援助,作為同報(bào),他承諾在解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制。

      2. 用于hardly...when, scarcely...when(before), no sooner...than(剛一……就)句型中。當(dāng)hardly,scarcely,no sooner置于句首時(shí),句子結(jié)構(gòu)要倒裝。

      例句: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.

      Hardly had the teacher entered the classroom when the pupils were in absolute silence. (be in absolute silence可譯為“鴉雀無(wú)聲”)

      3. 用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中,表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。

      例句: I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. (1997年第4題)

      分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句。had it been at all possible是省略了if的倒裝句,完整形式應(yīng)為 if it had been...;本句but前是一個(gè)非真實(shí)條件句,表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。

      譯文: 如果有一點(diǎn)可能的話(huà),我都會(huì)到醫(yī)院去看望他,但我上個(gè)禮拜整個(gè)一周都沒(méi)有空。

      4.動(dòng)詞hope,expect,think,intend,want,mean,suppose,plan,believe等用于過(guò)去完成 時(shí),表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、意圖、計(jì)劃等。

      例句: Mr. Pelkmans is not among those who had believed that the EC?s single market is threatened by the doubt building over Europe?s continued integration.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語(yǔ)從句who had believed...修飾those;that the EC?s single market is threatened...作believed的賓語(yǔ);分詞短語(yǔ)building over...作定語(yǔ)修飾the doubt。

      譯文: 有些人原以為對(duì)促進(jìn)歐洲持續(xù)整合懷有的疑慮會(huì)威脅到歐共體的統(tǒng)一市場(chǎng),佩爾克斯曼先生并不這么認(rèn)為。

      注意: 當(dāng)連詞after指明兩個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先后順序時(shí),after從句中可用過(guò)去完成時(shí),也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí);在連詞when引導(dǎo)的從句中,有時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)可以互換使用;當(dāng)before用作連詞引導(dǎo)從句時(shí),主句中過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)也可互換使用。

      例句: Julia left the room after she had turned off (turned off) the light.

      When the teacher had left (left) the room, the pupils started talking.

      Before he entered college, he had served (served) in the army.

      (四)一般將來(lái)時(shí)(Simple Future Tense)

      一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其形式和用法如下所述。

      1. will/shall+動(dòng)詞,表示單純的將來(lái)含義。

      例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。written and spoken作定語(yǔ)修飾language;that后是一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 有朝一日,軟件既能用來(lái)做文字翻譯又能做口頭翻譯,而且能翻譯得很好,以至于對(duì)任何通用的第二語(yǔ)言的需求都會(huì)下降。

      例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (選自2006年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾its own hotel;從句中you may be sure是插入語(yǔ),從句的主干部分為which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。

      譯文: 希爾頓正在那兒建立自己的酒店,你或許可以肯定它將配有(以莎士比亞劇中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾王休息室、班柯宴會(huì)包間等,而且價(jià)格非常昂貴。

      2. be going to+動(dòng)詞,表示按計(jì)劃或打算在最近的將來(lái)做某事,也可表示對(duì)未來(lái)的預(yù)測(cè)。

      例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語(yǔ)從句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分別修飾poor people以及richer people;從句的主干部分為poor people are in conflict with richer people。

      譯文: 一般來(lái)說(shuō),只要窮人與富人(也就是一般的有色人種和白色人種)之間有沖突,那么這個(gè)世界上的種族沖突就不會(huì)停止。

      例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly contested market. (選自2005年P(guān)art C)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 顯然,只有規(guī)模最大、應(yīng)變能力最強(qiáng)的電視傳媒集團(tuán)才能夠在這個(gè)精彩紛呈而又競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 激烈的市場(chǎng)中生存。

      3. be to+動(dòng)詞,表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或要求別人去做的事,常用來(lái)表示官方的命令、決定、禁止、許可等。

      例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (選自2011年Text 4)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句。其中,在主句中,定語(yǔ)從句it hopes to attract修飾audience。

      譯文:如果吉爾伯特和紐約愛(ài)樂(lè)樂(lè)團(tuán)想獲得成功,他們首先必須改變美國(guó)最古老的交響樂(lè)團(tuán)和其想要吸引的新一批觀眾間的關(guān)系。

      例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,本句主干為his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定語(yǔ)從句which governs his activity修飾the moral code;其中not...any more than意為“不……也不……”。

      譯文: 但是,他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行動(dòng)的道德規(guī)范,就如同不能指望商人專(zhuān)注于探討行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。

      4.be about to+動(dòng)詞,表示最近即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,不接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

      例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語(yǔ)從句who is not about to pay compliments to...修飾a young man。

      譯文: 馬林是個(gè)有獨(dú)立思考能力的年輕人,他不會(huì)恭維他的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。

      例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.

      分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,其中定語(yǔ)從句who was a school teacher修飾his brother。主干部分為His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。

      譯文: 他的哥哥是一位老師,已身無(wú)分文,并患上了胃潰瘍,他的一個(gè)孩子要接受一次大手術(shù),他的愛(ài)人將要生一對(duì)雙胞胎。

      5. 位置移動(dòng)動(dòng)詞,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+現(xiàn)在分詞,表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,常跟較近將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

      例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.

      分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。

      譯文: 春節(jié)就要到了,城里人都在忙著做各種各樣的準(zhǔn)備。

      6. 動(dòng)詞come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái),表示已經(jīng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃安排好的或肯定發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,主語(yǔ)常為事物名詞。

      例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。arrive用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。

      譯文: 你到達(dá)倫敦時(shí),我們將已經(jīng)在歐洲待了兩周了。

      (五)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(Present Continuous Tense)

      1. 表示此刻正在進(jìn)行或在目前限定時(shí)間內(nèi)不斷進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

      例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed data security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(選自2007年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是并列句,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面所提內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。

      譯文: 這一切很快就會(huì)改變: 很多提議的信息安全法規(guī)正在華盛頓逐一討論。

      例句:It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life enriching experience. (選自2011年Text 4)

      分析:該句中,破折號(hào)前是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,其中,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容與其前cover story為同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系;破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面陳述內(nèi)容的解釋?zhuān)瑂uggestion后是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文:詹妮佛·森尼爾見(jiàn)解深刻、頗具煽動(dòng)性的雜志封面文章《我愛(ài)我的孩子,我討厭我的生活》引發(fā)了熱烈的議論,這不足為奇——沒(méi)有什么比“育兒絕非完全是實(shí)現(xiàn)自我、豐富生活的體驗(yàn)”這樣的暗示更能引發(fā)人們的討論了。

      2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而此刻并不一定在進(jìn)行。

      例句: The future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable net based businesses. (2001年第30題)

      分析: 該句是并列句,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋。

      譯文: 這家公司的未來(lái)生死未卜,它的許多有才能的雇員正流失到賺錢(qián)更多的網(wǎng)絡(luò)行業(yè)中去。

      例句: “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University?s business school.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修飾an asset。

      譯文: 斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院的海姆·門(mén)德?tīng)柹f(shuō): “信息已成為一種資產(chǎn),需要像其他資產(chǎn)一樣加以保護(hù)!

      3. 表示最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一用法見(jiàn)一般將來(lái)時(shí)用法5)。

      4. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

      例句: Take care when you are taking an exam.

      Put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.

      注意: 表示狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)或情感的動(dòng)詞不用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。

      (六)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(Future Perfect Tense)和將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(Future Perfect Continuous Tense)

      1. 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。

      例句: It?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.

      譯文:據(jù)報(bào)道,到本月底這家工廠的水泥產(chǎn)量將要提升10。

      例句: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.

      譯文: 會(huì)議在結(jié)束前將持續(xù)整個(gè)星期。

      2. 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)一直持續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,可能還要持續(xù)下去。

      例句: He pointed to the deserted house and said,“I will have been living there by the end of this year.”

      譯文:他指著那座被遺棄的房子說(shuō):“今年年底以前,我會(huì)一直住在那里。”

      (七)一般過(guò)去時(shí)(Simple Past Tense)

      1. 表示在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 2005等。

      例句: It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. (選自2002年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中It was...that是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型;which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the context;within是定語(yǔ)從句中l(wèi)ive后的介詞,即live within the context。

      譯文: 正是在這個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代,“信息社會(huì)”一詞被廣泛用來(lái)形容我們所生活的環(huán)境。

      例句: The Greeks assumed that the language structure had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse the language could be. (2004年第61題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that后是一賓語(yǔ)從句,作assumed的賓語(yǔ);which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面賓語(yǔ)從句中提到的內(nèi)容,其中又套了一個(gè)由before引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句how diverse the language could be作realized的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 希臘人認(rèn)為,語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過(guò)程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。

      2. 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)用used to/would+動(dòng)詞,前者表示今昔對(duì)比,即現(xiàn)在已不存在的過(guò)去的情況;而后者表示重復(fù)的行為,也可用來(lái)表示不規(guī)則的習(xí)慣。

      例句: The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. (選自2007年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:as often as后是比較狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 雖然智商測(cè)試不再像以前那樣頻繁應(yīng)用了,但是,界定人類(lèi)智力的術(shù)語(yǔ)似乎仍然只是智商的得分。

      例句: When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at fault.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中what was at fault在句中作find的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)不了時(shí),機(jī)械師檢查了所有的部件以便找出毛病。

      注意: “be used to+名詞或動(dòng)名詞”,表示“習(xí)慣于……,對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣”,可以指現(xiàn)在, 也可指過(guò)去,不能與“used to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示“過(guò)去常常做……(而現(xiàn)在不)”混淆。

      例句: During his year in the hospital, Dr.Joan was not used to treating patient this way.

      譯文: 在醫(yī)院那陣子,約翰醫(yī)生還不習(xí)慣那樣對(duì)待病人。

      例句:The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. (選自2011年Text 3)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句。介詞短語(yǔ)to marketing success 在句中作后置定語(yǔ),修飾guide;that you got what you paid for是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句,what you paid for作got的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文:營(yíng)銷(xiāo)成功的大致策略過(guò)去常常就是你花錢(qián)買(mǎi)到自己想要的東西。

      3. 用于日常對(duì)話(huà)中,可用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),口氣上較為委婉。

      例句: I wondered whether you?d attend to my sick daughter while I?m away.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 我想知道在我外出時(shí),你能否替我照顧生病的女兒。

      二、時(shí)態(tài)一致(Tense Agreement)

      從句和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)在時(shí)態(tài)上保持一致。

      (一)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)采用某種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)

      例句: Darwin was convinced that loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (2008年第50題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干結(jié)構(gòu)為Darwin was convinced that...。賓語(yǔ)從句中有not only...but...引導(dǎo)的并列結(jié)構(gòu);短語(yǔ)be injurious to的意思是“對(duì)……產(chǎn)生危害,有害……”。

      譯文: 達(dá)爾文確信,沒(méi)有了這些愛(ài)好不只是少了樂(lè)趣,而且可能會(huì)有損于一個(gè)人的思維能力,更有可能導(dǎo)致一個(gè)人道德品質(zhì)的下降。

      例句: Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament. (選自2001年Cloze Test)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。在when引導(dǎo)的從句中,the interpretation of privacy controls...作said的賓語(yǔ);過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)contained in European作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the interpretation;主句部分為publication of the letter came;另一從句中的主語(yǔ)Lord Irvine與he同指一人。

      譯文: 艾爾文爵士曾聲稱(chēng),對(duì)于歐洲法律中所包含的隱私監(jiān)督條款的解釋工作將交由法官而非議會(huì)處理。此言一出,立即引起媒體的強(qiáng)烈抗議。兩天后,他的信公開(kāi)發(fā)表。

      (二)下列情況不受時(shí)態(tài)一致的限制

      1. 從句表示一個(gè)客觀真理、一個(gè)人或物的經(jīng)常性特點(diǎn)。

      例句: The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health as the United States does.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。claimed后接一賓語(yǔ)從句,其中not so...as意為“再?zèng)]有比……更……的了”。

      譯文: 那位演講者聲稱(chēng),沒(méi)有哪個(gè)現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家像美國(guó)那樣在公共援助和保健事業(yè)方面投入的財(cái)富比例如此之小。

      2. 從句中有表示絕對(duì)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

      例句: Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to reverse, or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s. (1998年第36題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為Several international events...seem likely to reserve,or at least...the trends;定語(yǔ)從句that emerged in the 1980s修飾the trends。

      譯文: 20世紀(jì)90年代初期發(fā)生的若干國(guó)際事件似乎有可能使80年代出現(xiàn)的趨勢(shì)逆轉(zhuǎn)或 至少是受到削弱。

      例句: Specialists in history and economics have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. (選自1998年Cloze Test)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,冒號(hào)后的兩個(gè)并列句是前面two things的進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明,作其同位語(yǔ),在后一分句中有兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 歷史學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面的專(zhuān)家已證明了兩件事: 從1650年到1750年期間以極度貧 困為特征,而工業(yè)化當(dāng)然沒(méi)有使這種狀況惡化,事實(shí)上可能改善了大多數(shù)平民的生活條件。

      3. 說(shuō)話(huà)者強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或?qū)⒁l(fā)生。

      例句: The staff of the airport I met at the lounge just now told me the plane I will take leaves at nine.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句I met和I will take前分別省略了whom和which/that。

      譯文: 剛才在休息室碰到的一位機(jī)場(chǎng)工作人員說(shuō)我將乘坐的那趟航班9點(diǎn)起飛。

      4.從句是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。

      例句: Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far reaching consequences for the culture of a society. (2004年第65題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,全句的主句為Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾determinism;定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞states后連接兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 沃爾夫開(kāi)始相信某種語(yǔ)言決定論,這種理論堅(jiān)定地認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言束縛思維,一種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)法模式會(huì)對(duì)一個(gè)社會(huì)的文化產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

      例句: If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. (選自2003年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。they argue是插入語(yǔ);who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾shippers;分詞短語(yǔ) leaving remaining customers to...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示結(jié)果。

      譯文: 他們認(rèn)為,如果鐵路部門(mén)對(duì)所有客戶(hù)都平均收費(fèi),那么可以轉(zhuǎn)而選擇卡車(chē)或其他運(yùn)輸方式的客戶(hù)就會(huì)那么做。這樣一來(lái),剩余的客戶(hù)就要承擔(dān)維持鐵路經(jīng)營(yíng)成本的費(fèi)用。

      5.從句是—個(gè)比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)。

      例句: She used to be much more irritable than she is now.

      譯文: 她過(guò)去比現(xiàn)在更容易發(fā)火。

      例句: There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中than后的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中省略了相同部分there,全句應(yīng)該為 There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than there exists in the public mind today。

      譯文: 覺(jué)察到患癌的危險(xiǎn)不應(yīng)像現(xiàn)在這樣在公眾中造成過(guò)多的憂(yōu)慮

      三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Model Verb)

      情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所涉及的內(nèi)容很多,這里主要介紹在研究生考試中出現(xiàn)的部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的重要用法。

      (一)表“可能”情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別

      大多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞都表示“可能”,即說(shuō)話(huà)人的一種推測(cè),can,could表示潛在的可能性或理論上或邏輯推理上存在的可能性;而may,might則表示事實(shí)上的可能性,所以might,may,could,can僅表“可能”;should, ought, would, will表示“很有可能”,must表示“肯定”,上述表示可能性的順序是由弱到強(qiáng)。

      例句: While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgment. (2007年第50題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,在主句it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgment中,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正在的主語(yǔ)是to rely on their...and make...;while引導(dǎo)一讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 盡管律師的見(jiàn)解和反應(yīng)可能會(huì)提高報(bào)道的質(zhì)量,但新聞?dòng)浾咦詈脩{借自己對(duì)重要性的理解自行判斷。

      例句: And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. (選自2005年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that后引導(dǎo)的是says的賓語(yǔ);從句中not only..., but...是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。

      譯文: 一位權(quán)威人士說(shuō)這些異常強(qiáng)烈的大腦活動(dòng),不僅可以被駕馭,而且還可以有意識(shí)地加以控制,以達(dá)到幫助睡眠和建立良好感覺(jué)的目的。

      例句: Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. (1998年第5題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,to increase agricultural production為不定式作后置定語(yǔ)修飾greater efforts。

      譯文: 若要避免糧食短缺,就必須加大力度來(lái)增加農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量。

      另如:

      You might be right.(你也許是對(duì)的。)

      You ought to be right.(你很可能是對(duì)的。)

      You must be right.(你一定是對(duì)的。)

      例句: Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. (選自2009年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干是poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps。其中might not be表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè),that may be possible only with broader formal education是一個(gè)修飾political changes的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 這樣一來(lái),如果沒(méi)有政治變革,貧困的國(guó)家或許不能擺脫貧困泥潭,而要進(jìn)行政治變革,唯一的可能就是擴(kuò)大正規(guī)教育。

      (二)can和be able to的用法差異

      1. can表示現(xiàn)在的能力;be able to表示過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)的能力。

      例句: The chairman of the board pressed on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ. (2001年第15題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語(yǔ)從句the firm can no longer afford to employ與先行詞good workers間省略了關(guān)系代詞whom;其中短語(yǔ)press sth. on sb.意思為“把……強(qiáng)加于某人”。

      譯文: 董事長(zhǎng)把解雇那些公司雇不起的優(yōu)秀員工這件令人頭痛的工作強(qiáng)加于我。

      例句: He is too young to be able to discern between right and wrong.(2001年第11題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 他太年輕了,還不能分辨是非。

      例句: Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. (選自2002年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為researchers lately have begun to extend...。when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the 1960s and 1970s;在定語(yǔ)從句中又套入一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;在主句中if not centuries的完整形式是if it is not centuries,it指代主句中描述的內(nèi)容。

      譯文: 盡管在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代人們開(kāi)始很樂(lè)觀,認(rèn)為晶體管電路和微處理器似乎在2010年前就能夠復(fù)制人腦的行為,但是,最近研究人員已經(jīng)開(kāi)始把這一預(yù)言推遲——不是幾個(gè)世紀(jì)就是幾十年。

      2. could泛指過(guò)去能力,也可表示一種輕微的假設(shè),was able to表示由技能產(chǎn)生的能力或表示過(guò)去某一特定的能力。

      例句: Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. (選自1999年Text 1)

      分析: 這兩個(gè)句子都是由and將一個(gè)祈使句和一個(gè)陳述句連接組成的并列句式。

      譯文: 如果你走出去,可能會(huì)因門(mén)口的墊子滑倒而摔斷腿;生爐子時(shí)可能會(huì)因此燒毀整間房屋。

      例句: During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. (選自2007年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句that once could count on hard work and fair play to...修飾 family。

      譯文: 在過(guò)去的幾十年中,經(jīng)濟(jì)上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和新的現(xiàn)實(shí)已經(jīng)改變了原來(lái)靠努力工作和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就能保持收入穩(wěn)定的美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭的境況。

      例句: However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to offset some of the decline in the iron and steel industry. (2001年第19題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中in the fabricated metals industry為介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾growth。

      譯文: 然而,金屬制造業(yè)方面的增長(zhǎng)能夠抵消鋼鐵工業(yè)方面的衰退。

      (三)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成時(shí)態(tài)

      1. must have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的肯定推測(cè)“一定發(fā)生了”。

      例句: My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?” (1996年第2題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,the moment后引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;定語(yǔ)從句I met前省略了關(guān)系代詞whom。

      譯文: 當(dāng)我走進(jìn)房間時(shí),我的疼痛一定很明顯。因?yàn)槲矣龅降牡谝粋(gè)人就同情地問(wèn)我: “你還好吧?”

      2. can?t have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的否定推測(cè)“一定沒(méi)發(fā)生”。

      例句: You can?t have seen him in his office last Sunday; he?s been out of town for several weeks.

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 你上周日不可能在辦公室見(jiàn)到他,因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)離開(kāi)本鎮(zhèn)好幾個(gè)星期了。

      3. could/may have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的肯定推測(cè),語(yǔ)氣弱于must have done“很可能發(fā)生了”。

      例句: Nelson could have won the game, with a little more training and a better manager。

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,with a little more training and a better manager相當(dāng)于一個(gè)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句,即: If he had had a little more training and a better manager.

      譯文: 如果尼爾森再多加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練,再有一個(gè)好的教練,他就能贏得比賽。

      例句: The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. (選自2007年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,though not justified的完整形式應(yīng)是though it is not justified,其中it指代破折號(hào)前所敘述的內(nèi)容。

      譯文: 目前此事的狀況可能會(huì)被激化,雖然不合理,因?yàn)?在美國(guó)而不是歐洲)缺乏對(duì)信息泄露的法律制裁。

      4. couldn?t have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的否定推測(cè),語(yǔ)氣弱于can?t have done,肯定意味強(qiáng)些,表“可能沒(méi)發(fā)生”。

      例句: He couldn?t have been robbed in the street last night, in that he was with me the whole night.

      分析: 該句實(shí)際是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,其中短語(yǔ)in that為連詞,引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 他昨晚在街上不可能被搶劫了,因?yàn)檎硭己臀以谝黄稹?/p>

      5. would have done用于與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,表假設(shè)。

      例句: The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution”, including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. (選自2008年Text 4)

      分析: 該句的謂語(yǔ)形式是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,without引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)作其條件狀語(yǔ);that引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾clause。

      譯文: 如果對(duì)“特殊體制”沒(méi)有保護(hù)措施的話(huà),南方諸州是不會(huì)簽署憲法的!疤厥怏w制”中包括一個(gè)議會(huì)代表席位的條款,即一個(gè)奴隸得按3/5的人頭計(jì)算。

      例句: A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. (1996年第6題)

      分析: 這是兩個(gè)并列句,根據(jù)后個(gè)句子可以得知這份安全分析從沒(méi)有做過(guò),所以前個(gè)句子是對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的一種虛擬假設(shè)。

      譯文: 安全分析本可以鑒別出預(yù)定目標(biāo)是個(gè)潛在的危險(xiǎn)。不幸的是,從未做過(guò)這種安全分析。

      例句: Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. (選自2006年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,在主從句中都隱含了與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,分詞短語(yǔ)leading to an underestimate of fish stocks...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示結(jié)果。

      譯文: 個(gè)別的魚(yú)沒(méi)有被捕捉,是因?yàn)闆](méi)有可用來(lái)捕捉它們的帶餌的鉤,這就導(dǎo)致了過(guò)去對(duì)魚(yú)類(lèi)資源的低估。

      6. might have done表示本來(lái)可能而實(shí)際未發(fā)生的行為,用在與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)句中。

      例句: We didn?t know her telephone number, otherwise we might have telephoned her.

      分析: 該句是兩個(gè)并列分句,前一分句we didn?t know her telephone number相當(dāng)于一個(gè)與過(guò)去情況相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句,即if we had known her telephone number...。

      譯文: 我們不知道她的電話(huà)號(hào)碼,要不然我們就會(huì)打給她。

      7. should/ought to +have done表示“本來(lái)應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際未做”。其否定形式表示“本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做某事,而實(shí)際上已做了”。

      例句: Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. (選自2006年P(guān)art B)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,charging...是分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨;原因狀語(yǔ)從句because后又接一賓語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 現(xiàn)在他正在起訴這家賭場(chǎng),起訴該賭場(chǎng)在知道他已經(jīng)上癮的情況下而未拒絕他入場(chǎng)。

      例句: It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. (選自2000年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,as引導(dǎo)一狀語(yǔ)從句,主句中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為that this primacy should have narrowed。

      譯文: 隨著其他國(guó)家日益富強(qiáng)起來(lái),(美國(guó)的)霸主地位逐漸下降是不可避免的。

      例句:Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn?t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world.(選自2011年Text 4)

      分析:該句是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句。其中,在前一個(gè)分句中,if they shouldn?t have had kids充當(dāng)wonder的賓語(yǔ);在后一個(gè)分句中,the message后接一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文:不快樂(lè)的父母很少被激發(fā)對(duì)“自己是否本不該要孩子”的思考,但不快樂(lè)的無(wú)子女者會(huì)時(shí)常被“孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情”這一信息所困擾。

      8.needn?t have done表示本來(lái)沒(méi)必要而實(shí)際已發(fā)生的行為。

      例句: As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn?t have dressed up so formally. (1998年第2題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,as在句中引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,表示原因。

      譯文: 原來(lái)只不過(guò)是一個(gè)小小的家庭聚會(huì),我們沒(méi)有必要穿戴得如此正式。

      例句: You needn?t have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.

      譯文: 你本不需要做這些運(yùn)算!我們有做這類(lèi)事情的計(jì)算機(jī)。

      另外: must/can?t be+名詞,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在肯定或否定的推測(cè),意為“一定是”、“一定不是”。

      例句: If no surplus is available, a farmer can?t be self sufficient.(選自2000年Cloze Test)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 沒(méi)有余糧,農(nóng)民就不能自給自足。

      例句: For there to be successful communication there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (1996年第8題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 要達(dá)到成功交流的目的,所有在場(chǎng)的人都要集中精神,積極參加討論。

      9.didn?t need to do表示過(guò)去不必做,結(jié)果也未發(fā)生的行為。

      例句: He didn?t need to get up so early as usual because of illness, so he stayed in bed till the afternoon.

      分析: 該句是由so連接的兩個(gè)并列句。

      譯文: 由于生病,他不必像往日那樣早起,一直在床上躺到中午。

      副詞

      副詞可修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及整個(gè)句子。  例句: Andrew, my father?s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family?s disappointment. (1997年第3題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中副詞much修飾介詞短語(yǔ)to the family?s disappointment。

      譯文: 我父親的弟弟安德魯不會(huì)參加野餐,這令全家人非常失望。

      一、副詞的分類(lèi)

      1. 時(shí)間副詞,如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。

      例句: Americans today don?t place a very high value on intellect. (選自2004年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 現(xiàn)在美國(guó)人不重視智力。

      2. 地點(diǎn)副詞,如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。

      例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses? convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (選自2002年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,兩個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句分別修飾an example和a story,前一個(gè) which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。

      譯文: 比如說(shuō),在一次護(hù)士大會(huì)上,我聽(tīng)到了一個(gè)能很好地發(fā)揮幽默效果的故事,因?yàn)樗械穆?tīng)眾都對(duì)醫(yī)生持有相同的看法。

      3. 程度副詞,如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。

      例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.(1997年第34題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,although后面跟的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 雖然付給她的報(bào)酬豐厚,但她無(wú)意去工作。

      4. 頻率副詞,如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。

      例句: In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中built in意為“內(nèi)嵌式的”。在方式狀語(yǔ)中,that need to be served為定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the functions。

      譯文: 此外,根據(jù)需要滿(mǎn)足的功能,設(shè)計(jì)者通常必須選擇家具或設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)嵌式家具。

      5.方式副詞,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully, well, properly, roughly, angrily, rudely。

      例句: You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,if引導(dǎo)的從句表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

      譯文: 如果你的臥室內(nèi)部突然變得和飯店內(nèi)部一樣,你可能會(huì)大吃一驚。

      6.疑問(wèn)副詞,如when, where, how, why, who。

      例句: So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? (選自2002年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是特殊疑問(wèn)句。動(dòng)詞warn的ing形式作headlines的后置定語(yǔ),表示一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。

      譯文: 那么這次警告人們經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條到來(lái)的頭版新聞?dòng)衷谀膬耗?

      7.關(guān)系副詞,如when,where,why。

      例句: Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句是it is hard to imagine...。其中,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to imagine that...to competition; that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S.是定語(yǔ)從句修飾the same threats; when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up是非限制定語(yǔ)從句修飾a century ago。

      譯文: 然而,目前幾家石油公司的合并是否再次給競(jìng)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)威脅難以預(yù)料。因?yàn)槊绹?guó)一個(gè)世紀(jì)前曾由于合并引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)危機(jī),造成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油托拉斯的解體。

      8.連接副詞,如therefore, then, however, otherwise, hence, so, moreover, yet, consequently, besides, nevertheless, when, where, why, how。

      例句: It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (選自2002年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century。 followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s作定語(yǔ)修飾the introduction。 although its impact on the media...是一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 然而,人們普遍認(rèn)為,20世紀(jì)初出現(xiàn)的計(jì)算機(jī)以及隨后在20世紀(jì)60年代發(fā)明的集成電路盡管對(duì)傳媒的影響沒(méi)有立即顯現(xiàn)出來(lái),但卻徹底改變了發(fā)展進(jìn)程。

      9.否定副詞,如rarely,seldom,hardly,scarcely,never。

      例句:The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna and child image on newsstands this week. (選自2011年Text 4)

      分析:該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中,分詞短語(yǔ)showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby和 holding a cute baby分別作后置定語(yǔ),修飾cover和mother。

      譯文:展現(xiàn)“魅力媽媽?xiě)驯Э蓯?ài)寶寶”的雜志封面并非本周報(bào)攤上唯一對(duì)“圣母與圣子”形象的描述。

      例句: Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. (選自2008年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是Growth demands calories and nutrients to feed expanding tissues。which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是修飾主語(yǔ)growth的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。后面的破折號(hào)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。

      譯文: 20歲后很少有人再繼續(xù)長(zhǎng)高,長(zhǎng)高需要熱量和營(yíng)養(yǎng),特別是蛋白質(zhì),以滿(mǎn)足身體組織生長(zhǎng)的需求。

      二、副詞的位置

      1.修飾形容詞、副詞,副詞常置于它們之前(enough除外)。

      例句: The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response. (2000年第14題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中不定式to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response作狀語(yǔ)表示目的。

      譯文: 在此起作用的機(jī)制顯然有此傾向,即這種身體活動(dòng)會(huì)利用應(yīng)激反應(yīng)中的潛在有害因素。

      例句: The newly built Science Building seems substantial enough to last a hundred.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中副詞enough作定語(yǔ)修飾形容詞substantial。

      譯文: 新建的科學(xué)大樓看上去很堅(jiān)固,一百年也壞不了。

      2.修飾實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞常置于該動(dòng)詞后或該動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)后面。

      例句: The solution works only for couples who are self employed, don?t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. (1999年第8題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為the solution works only for couples, 而who are self employed,...是修飾couples的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 這一解決辦法只適用于那些自謀職業(yè)、沒(méi)有小孩子而且大部分時(shí)間待在一起和睦相處的夫妻。

      3.頻率副詞和否定副詞一般取中間位置,置于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前、系動(dòng)詞be或第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。

      例句: As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the US, which really have surprised us all.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which really have surprised us all是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾the results,主句中nowhere置于句首引起倒裝。

      譯文: 就計(jì)算機(jī)化的影響而言,其結(jié)果在美國(guó)比在其他任何地方都明顯,這真使我們驚奇不已。

      例句: Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. (選自2000年Cloze Test)

      分析: 該句是一個(gè)由but連接的并列句。

      譯文: 他自然會(huì)努力去獲取低息貸款,但這種貸款并不是經(jīng)常能貸到的。

      4.有些副詞修飾整個(gè)句子,常置于句前,并用逗號(hào)與句子的其他成分隔開(kāi)。

      例句: Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007年第46題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,句子的主干部分是legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...。

      譯文: 長(zhǎng)久以來(lái),法律知識(shí)在這類(lèi)學(xué)校里一直被視為律師們所專(zhuān)有的,而不是一個(gè)受教育者的知識(shí)素養(yǎng)的必要組成部分。

      例句: Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. (選自2009年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是the new habits create parallel pathways。we deliberately press into ourselves是省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾主語(yǔ)the new habits。短語(yǔ)press into的意思是“逼迫,擠入”。另一定語(yǔ)從句that can bypass those old roads修飾主句的賓語(yǔ)parallel pathways,that作從句的主語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 相反,我們有意培養(yǎng)的新習(xí)慣會(huì)形成平行的路徑以避開(kāi)那些原有習(xí)慣的軌道。

      5.幾個(gè)副詞連在一起,順序一般為方式副詞+地點(diǎn)副詞+時(shí)間副詞(或把時(shí)間副詞置于句首)。

      例句: Jane lived isolatedly方式in the town地點(diǎn)for ten years.時(shí)間

      6.疑問(wèn)副詞常置于句首。

      例句: Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? (選自2001年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作distrust的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 為什么那么多的美國(guó)人不相信自己在報(bào)刊上看到的東西呢?

      三、副詞的特殊情況

      1. 英語(yǔ)中有些副詞有兩種形式: 一種與形容詞形式相同,一種形式是以ly結(jié)尾,但其意義和用法有所不同,如:

      clean完全地 cleanly干凈地

      close接近地 closely緊密地(表抽象概念)

      free免費(fèi)地,隨意地 freely率直地

      hard努力 hardly幾乎不

      high高 highly高度地,非常

      late遲,晚 lately近來(lái)

      pretty相當(dāng),頗 prettily漂亮地

      fair公平 fairly公正地;相當(dāng)

      most最,頗 mostly主要地,多半地

      just剛才,正好 justly公正地

      direct直接地 directly直接地,坦率,馬上

      例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自2002年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾work。

      譯文: 自從人類(lèi)具有了獨(dú)創(chuàng)性以來(lái),人們發(fā)明了越來(lái)越精巧的工具來(lái)應(yīng)付那些危險(xiǎn)、枯燥、繁重或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。

      例句: The American dream is most plausible during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. (1999年第25題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,generated by American capitalism為過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ),修飾the periods。

      譯文: 在美國(guó)的資本主義帶來(lái)生產(chǎn)率的提高與財(cái)富增加的那段時(shí)期,美國(guó)夢(mèng)是最有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

      例句: “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we?ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, ”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. (選自2008年Text 3)

      分析: 引號(hào)內(nèi)的句子是簡(jiǎn)單句,主句部分是we?ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,介詞短語(yǔ)in the general population today和at this genetic...在句中作狀語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 懷特州立大學(xué)的人類(lèi)學(xué)家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利指出: “在今天的一般人群中,在這種基因和環(huán)境水平上,我們已經(jīng)達(dá)到了我們所能達(dá)到的高度!

      2.以ly結(jié)尾的詞大部分是副詞,但以下由名詞+ly構(gòu)成的詞卻是形容詞,如:

      brotherly scholarly(學(xué)者風(fēng)度的) heavenly(天堂的)

      homely friendly masterly(高明的)

      likely lovelycostly

      childly quarterly(按季度的)manly

      leisurely(從容不迫的,悠閑的)

      例句: Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they?re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. (選自2001年Text 3)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中分詞短語(yǔ)compared with other Americans作狀語(yǔ)表示比較,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞show后有由and連接的兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文:結(jié)果表明,與其他美國(guó)人相比,記者更有可能居住在質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)高的地段,有仆人、奔馳車(chē)及股票。他們不大可能去做禮拜、當(dāng)志愿者或在普通社區(qū)居住。

      四、副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)

      副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的變化規(guī)則和用法與形容詞的變化相同,但在副詞的最高級(jí)前可省掉定冠詞the。

      例句: Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.(選自2011年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是Those...reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those...,其中did代替了與主句相同的謂語(yǔ)部分reacted enthusiastically to funny cartoons,正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)?..than those...did。另外,分詞短語(yǔ)forced to exercise their smiling muscles作后置定語(yǔ),修飾主語(yǔ)those;whose mouths were contracted in a frown是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾句中的第二個(gè)those;suggesting that...是分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),表示結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于which引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文:那些被迫鍛煉笑肌的人比那些嘴形收縮得猶如緊皺的眉毛般的人對(duì)滑稽的卡通動(dòng)畫(huà)的反應(yīng)更為強(qiáng)烈,這表明表情也可以影響情緒而非只能是情緒影響表情。

      例句:The people who?ve been hurt the worst are those who?ve stayed too long. (選自2011年Text 2)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句,主句的主干部分是The people are those,兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句who?ve been hurt the worst 和who?ve stayed too long分別修飾先行詞the people和those。

      譯文:受傷害最深的就是那些待得太久的人。

      例句:Among other students in his class, he studies (the) hardest.

      譯文:他在班上學(xué)習(xí)最刻苦。

      五、易混淆的副詞和形容詞

      (一)such,so

      such是形容詞,如such+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,或such+不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù);so是副詞,如so+形容詞+a(an)+單數(shù)名詞。

      注意:在so+形容詞+a(an)+單數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞不可改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。

      如so beautiful girls就是錯(cuò)誤形式,應(yīng)改為: such beautiful girls。

      另外such,so都可接that從句,形式為such...that/so...that,稱(chēng)之為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

      例句:Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. (選自2008年Text 4)

      分析:該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,主干部分是such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia, would have required表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的推測(cè),only a decade earlier在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間。

      譯文:要是再早上10年,這種舉動(dòng)必須獲得弗吉尼亞州立法委的批準(zhǔn)。

      例句:The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapair of fabricating their data. (2004年第43題)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)一結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,短語(yǔ)accuse sb. of sth.意為“指責(zé)、指控某人某事”。

      譯文:這些新近被描述的語(yǔ)言與已經(jīng)被充分研究的歐洲和東南亞地區(qū)的語(yǔ)言往往差別顯著,以至于有些學(xué)者甚至指責(zé)Boas和Sapair編造了材料。

      例句:Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life. (選自2007年Text 2)

      分析:該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中形容詞短語(yǔ)necessary to succeed in school and in life作定語(yǔ)修飾elements。

      譯文:這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試并不能測(cè)出在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功所必需的重要因素。

      例句:The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments. (1996年第26題)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文:討論是那樣的冗長(zhǎng)而乏味,以至于發(fā)言的人不時(shí)地停下來(lái)喝點(diǎn)飲料。

      (二)very,much

      very修飾形容詞原級(jí)和副詞;much(或very much)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。

      例句:Ted had told me that he always escaped being fined as he had got a very fast sport car.

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中being fined是動(dòng)名詞一般式的被動(dòng)式,在句中作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞escape的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文:泰德告訴我,因?yàn)樗幸惠v速度很快的賽車(chē),所以總是能逃脫罰款。

      例句:Mercury?s velocity is so much greater than the Earth?s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one. (1996年第20題)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句,so...that是一個(gè)表結(jié)果的句子結(jié)構(gòu),time后是一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系詞which(或that)的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文:水星的周轉(zhuǎn)速度要比地球快得多,以至于在地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)一圈的時(shí)間內(nèi),水星能繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)四圈多。

      (三)too much,much too(far too)

      too much+不可數(shù)名詞; much too/far too+形容詞或副詞原級(jí)。

      例句:The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. (選自2006年Text 4)

      分析:冒號(hào)后內(nèi)容是對(duì)其前內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋。

      譯文:事實(shí)上,真正的原因可能恰恰相反。今天的世界有太多太多的快樂(lè)了。

      例句:I don?t like eating chocolate. The taste is much too sweet.

      譯文:我不喜歡吃巧克力,味道太甜了。

      (四)also, too, either

      also, too用于肯定句,also多用于正式場(chǎng)合,too多為習(xí)慣用法,而either用于否定句。

      例句:I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be bound to it.

      分析:該句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句,其中短語(yǔ)be bound to sth.意為“必定,作保證”。

      譯文:我支持你的決定,但也應(yīng)該說(shuō)清楚,我并不打算非得按照你的決定做。

      例句:Careless use of words prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and the listener, too.

      分析:該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文:用詞粗心大意往往也會(huì)阻礙說(shuō)話(huà)人和聽(tīng)話(huà)人的思想交流。

      例句:Mary is not a Christian;John is not a Christian, either.

      譯文:瑪麗不是基督徒,約翰也不是。

      例句:But the 47 year old manicurist isn?t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she?d like to, either. (選自2004年Text 3)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中在not...as...as結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一個(gè)as是副詞修飾many,而第二個(gè)as是連詞引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,表方式。

      譯文:但對(duì)這位47歲的美甲師來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)在到她這兒來(lái)修剪、銼磨或上油的人卻不如她希望的那么多。

      形容詞

      一、作定語(yǔ)的形容詞

      1. 絕大部分形容詞既可作定語(yǔ)又可作表語(yǔ),但少數(shù)形容詞只能作定語(yǔ),放在名詞前,常見(jiàn)的有: daily,weekly,monthly,former,latter,woolen,wooden;也有少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),置于be后,這些表語(yǔ)形容詞一般以字母a開(kāi)頭。

      如:

      afraid alive alone alike ashamed

      awake aware asleep afire

      例句: This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of 80 European television networks, no less than 50 took a loss in 1989. (2005年第48題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,含有多個(gè)從句,a fact underlined by statistics that后接一定語(yǔ)從句,show后又接一賓語(yǔ)從句,其中no less than可譯為“不少于,至少”;take a loss 譯為“虧本,賠本”。

      譯文: 僅這一點(diǎn)就足以證明,要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來(lái)并非易事,統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字尤其說(shuō)明了這一事實(shí): 在歐洲國(guó)家的80個(gè)電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,多達(dá)一半的公司在1989年虧損。

      2. 作定語(yǔ)的形容詞一般用作前置修飾語(yǔ),但在下列情況中,形容詞作后置定語(yǔ)。

      (1)名詞詞組的中心詞為some,any,no等構(gòu)成的合成詞。

      例句: I?d say whenever you are going after something belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. (1997年第21題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句who is depriving you of the right to have it作anyone的定語(yǔ), whenever you are going after something belonging to you作say的賓語(yǔ)從句中的狀語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 我想說(shuō)無(wú)論什么時(shí)候當(dāng)你追求某種屬于你的東西時(shí),任何想剝奪你擁有它的權(quán)利的人都是在犯罪。

      (2)帶有不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等的形容詞短語(yǔ)。

      例句: Any student careful enough to take the exam is sure to succeed in the end.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,careful enough to take the exam 作定語(yǔ)修飾student。

      譯文: 參加考試的任何一位學(xué)生只要足夠細(xì)心最終就一定會(huì)取得成功。

      (3)某些形容詞作后置定語(yǔ)。

      present,available,involved,concerned,martial(軍事的),general,proper等作后置定語(yǔ),如:

      the member present (出席的成員)

      court martial (軍事法庭)

      Secretary General (秘書(shū)長(zhǎng))

      例句: I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite arbitrary. (1998年第37題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 我沒(méi)有意識(shí)到問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵所在,因此我的抉擇十分武斷。

      例句: There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds,so I only caught a glimpse of him. (1998年第22題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 來(lái)的人很多,而他只到場(chǎng)一會(huì)兒,所以我只見(jiàn)了他一眼。

      3. 表度量的形容詞。

      例句: There is a heavily polluted river 100 meters long in front of our small playground.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 我們小操場(chǎng)前有一條長(zhǎng)100米被嚴(yán)重污染的河。

      4. 形容詞并列用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置。

      限定詞→數(shù)量(序數(shù)前、基數(shù)后)→形狀→大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等度量→新舊→顏色→國(guó)籍→ 材料

      例句: I have never seen these beautiful round multi colored Chinese cloisonne(景泰藍(lán))vases in my first three years in China.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 在中國(guó)的最初三年中,我從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)這些顏色各異的圓形中式景泰藍(lán)花瓶。

      二、主客觀意義易混淆的形容詞

      主觀意義,如:

      contemptuous (表示輕蔑的)

      desirous (渴望的)

      envious (羨慕別人的)

      expressive (表情豐富的)

      forgetful (健忘的)

      imaginative (富于想象的)

      perceptive (感覺(jué)敏銳的)

      persuasive (能說(shuō)服的,有說(shuō)服力的)

      respectful (表示尊敬的)

      tolerant (容忍的,容許的) 客觀意義,如:

      contemptible (輕視的,卑劣的)

      desirable (值得要的,想要的)

      enviable (令人羨慕的)

      expressible (可表達(dá)出來(lái)的)

      forgettable (可忘記的)

      imaginable (可想象出來(lái)的)

      perceptible (可感覺(jué)的)

      persuasible (可說(shuō)服的,聽(tīng)話(huà)的)

      respectable (可敬的)

      tolerable (可容忍的)

      例句: The authors are witheringly contemptuous of the bogus equation of tidiness and morality, for example, in corporate “clean desk” policies.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 作者毫不留情地批評(píng)了將整潔與道德相等同的做法,例如,公司內(nèi)“清潔辦公桌”的政策。

      例句: We should be alert to the possibility that individuals, organizations or governments tend to pied a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and selfish interests.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that individuals,organizations or governments tend to...作possibility的同位語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)警惕這種可能性: 個(gè)人、組織或政府以高尚的目標(biāo)作為他們采取卑鄙手段 和獲取私利的借口。

      三、the+形容詞(分詞形容詞)

      the+形容詞(分詞形容詞)表示一類(lèi)人或一類(lèi)事物,后接謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。

      如:

      the poor (窮人)

      the blind (盲人)

      the deaf (聾子)

      the few/the many (少數(shù)人/多數(shù)人)

      the dying (奄奄一息的人)

      the killed (死了的人)

      the oppressed (被壓迫的人們)

      the aged,the weak,the sick and the disabled (老弱病殘)

      the living (活著的人)

      例句: The old are cared well in a home for the poor and aged.

      譯文: 老人在養(yǎng)老院里得到了很好的照料。

      例句: The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.

      譯文: 窮人很快樂(lè),富人卻不快樂(lè)。

      少數(shù)詞接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如: the departed/the deceased (死者), the beautiful (美好的事物), the unexpected (意外情況)。

      例句: The deceased has been sent to the funeral parlor.

      譯文: 死者已經(jīng)被送往殯儀館。

      四、復(fù)合形容詞

      有些形容詞由兩部分或更多部分組成,稱(chēng)為復(fù)合形容詞,如:

      three year old child (三歲的孩子)

      six storied building (六層的樓房)

      one eyed donkey (一只眼的驢)

      其他如: prep. /adj. /n. /adv.+p.p.(分詞)

      off putting (令人討厭的)

      nit picking (找茬的,吹毛求疵的)

      free living (生活無(wú)拘束的)

      hard wearing (耐穿的)

      star crossed (命運(yùn)不佳的,倒霉的)

      tender hearted (心腸軟的,慈善的)

      well intentioned (善意的,好心的)

      例句: People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in densely populated areas. (1999年第27題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中those living...相當(dāng)于those who live in...。

      譯文: 住在小鎮(zhèn)上的人似乎往往比住在人口稠密地區(qū)的人更為友好。

      例句: In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound producing ability, organizing two sounds delivered at a high rate as one call. (1997年第16題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,organizing two sounds delivered...作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 通過(guò)這種方式這些昆蟲(chóng)能展示它們高超的發(fā)音功能,在很高的頻率下發(fā)出兩種聲波作為一次鳴叫。

      五、一些本身有比較意義的形容詞

      英語(yǔ)中絕大多數(shù)形容詞都可以用來(lái)表示比較意義,但有一部分形容詞本身已經(jīng)帶有比較的含義, 因此這些詞沒(méi)有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式,如:

      only, mere, sole, extreme, supreme, perfect, single, real, utmost, eternal, principal, chief, main, empty, matchless, unique, wonderful, square等。

      例句: My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I stumbled upon at a garage sale. (2001年第22題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc與I stumbled upon at a garage sale是兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,分別修飾the one和Edison disc。

      譯文: 在一次現(xiàn)場(chǎng)舊貨出售中我偶然碰到一張1923年的愛(ài)迪生唱片,從那張唱片上我第一次聽(tīng)到了我最喜歡的廣播歌曲。

      六、比較結(jié)構(gòu)

      (一)同級(jí)比較

      形式為:...as+(形容詞或副詞)原級(jí)+(名詞)+as...

      例句: Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. (選自2009年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that commercial genetic testing...作argue的賓語(yǔ),to which a sample is compared是一個(gè)修飾the reference collections的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 批評(píng)家們還指出,商業(yè)基因檢測(cè)的好壞取決于用于樣本對(duì)比的參考樣本的好壞。

      例句: Scientists generally agree that the Earth?s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years as much as it has warmed in the 2,000 years since the Ice Age.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the Earth?s...Ice Age 作 agree的賓語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 科學(xué)家們普遍認(rèn)為,地球氣候未來(lái)50年到100年的時(shí)間里會(huì)變暖,變暖的程度與自冰河世紀(jì)以來(lái)的2 000年的時(shí)間里變暖的程度一樣。

      (二)優(yōu)劣比較

      1.優(yōu)等比較。

      形式為:...比較級(jí)+than...

      例句: It?s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. (選自2006年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,even more bitter than...修飾a message。

      譯文: 讀這一消息的滋味甚至比抽丁香煙還要苦,但卻不知怎么地帶來(lái)了一股清新的氣息。

      例句: These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today?s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener?s choosing. (選自2011年Text 1)

      分析:該句是由分號(hào)連接的并列句。前一個(gè)分句中含有形容詞的比較級(jí);后一個(gè)分句中副詞moreover表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。

      譯文:這些錄制音樂(lè)價(jià)格低廉,到處可以買(mǎi)到,而且其藝術(shù)品質(zhì)往往比當(dāng)今的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演奏要高出許多。它們可以在聽(tīng)眾所選擇的任何時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)被“享用”。

      2.劣等比較。

      形式為:...not so (as)+原級(jí)+as...=less+原級(jí)+ than

      例句: According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. (選自2011年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中,分詞短語(yǔ)concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples作后置定語(yǔ),修飾studies,從句that parents are less happy than childless couples又充當(dāng)concluding的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 結(jié)論為 “為人父母者不如無(wú)子女者幸福”的多項(xiàng)研究表明,單親父母最不幸福。

      例句: Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中those代表lives。

      譯文: 他們的生活同其下屬一樣空虛。

      (三)最高級(jí)表示

      1. 優(yōu)等比較。

      形式為: the+最高級(jí)+單數(shù)名詞或one +of (in短語(yǔ))/that從句(僅限于形容詞)。

      例句: It soon becomes clear that the interior designer?s most important basic concern is the function of the particular space.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為that the interior designer?s most important...。

      譯文: 室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)者最基本的關(guān)注點(diǎn)就是某一特定空間的功能,這一點(diǎn)很快就清楚了。

      例句: I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers? demands. (選自2001年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為I believe that..., that require enlarged...demands是修飾falling transportation...and enlarged markets的定語(yǔ)從句,形容詞短語(yǔ)capable of meeting customers? demands修飾operations,其中be the same that...意為“……與……是相同的”。

      譯文: 我認(rèn)為引起這場(chǎng)大規(guī)模合并浪潮的最重要的力量與導(dǎo)致全球化的力量是相同的: 運(yùn)輸與通信費(fèi)用下降,貿(mào)易與投資障礙減少,市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)大。這一切都需要擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)往來(lái)以滿(mǎn)足消費(fèi)者的需求。

      2. 劣等比較。

      形式為: the+least+原級(jí)+(單數(shù)名詞或one)+of(in短語(yǔ))/that從句(僅限于形容詞)。

      例句: In class, she is the least talented girl in mastering foreign language that I have ever taught.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that I have ever taught是修飾girl的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 她是我在班里教過(guò)的在外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方面最缺乏天分的女孩。

      3. 比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)含義。

      形式為: 比較級(jí)+ than any other+單數(shù)名詞。

      例句: The campus of this university is much more beautiful than any other campus.

      譯文: 這所大學(xué)的校園是最漂亮的。

      4. 最高級(jí)形容詞前加定冠詞the,但作表語(yǔ)不和他人或物作比較時(shí),可省去the。

      例句: I have been busiest these days for writing papers.

      譯文: 寫(xiě)論文的這些天是我最忙的時(shí)間。

      (四)同類(lèi)比較

      同類(lèi)事物才能放在一起作比較,不同類(lèi)的不能放在一起進(jìn)行比較,例如:

      Are your jobs more important than Jack?

      (說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。你的工作不能和Jack比較;應(yīng)該是和Jack的工作相比較,因此該句正確的說(shuō)法為: Are your jobs more important than Jack?s?)

      The climate of Shanxi Province is much better than Henan Province.

      (說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。山西的氣候不能和河南省比較;應(yīng)該是和河南省的氣候相比較,因此該句正確的說(shuō)法為: The climate of Shanxi Province is much better than that of Henan Province. )

      例句: Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane?s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. (選自2009年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干是many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane?s。 Dane?s 后省略了religious commitment,as one clergyman learned...是一個(gè)方式狀語(yǔ)從句, who mocked...是一個(gè)修飾folk的定語(yǔ)從句,they had not come to the New World for religion是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,作mock的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 同時(shí),許多移居者對(duì)宗教的虔誠(chéng)不如丹的表現(xiàn),正如一位神職人員從在海邊遇到的一些人那里聽(tīng)到的一樣,那些人嘲弄地說(shuō)道他們來(lái)新大陸并不是為了宗教。

      (五)排除本身的比較級(jí)要借助other或else

      She is taller than any girls in class.

      (本句表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤,本句中應(yīng)該在girl前加other,這就排除了和她本身的比較,另外girl不能用復(fù)數(shù),因?yàn)閟he只能比其他某個(gè)女孩高,不可能比所有女孩加起來(lái)還高,應(yīng)改為: She is taller than any other girl in class.)

      (六)比較級(jí)前可用副詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾表示程度

      在同級(jí)比較as...as結(jié)構(gòu)前可用almost,nearly,just (about),quite等修飾詞。

      在優(yōu)等比較,即“比較級(jí)+ than”結(jié)構(gòu)前可用(so) very much,(quite)a lot,a great deal,a bit,somewhat,still,far,by far等修飾詞。

      例句: Often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climate such as Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden Stars. (選自1998年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,in order to escape...作狀語(yǔ)表示目的,of urbanization修飾plagues。

      譯文: 他們常常選擇——現(xiàn)在依然這么選擇——居住在那些氣候較冷的地區(qū),如俄勒岡州、愛(ài)達(dá)荷州和阿拉斯加州,為的是逃避這個(gè)“黃金州”(加利福尼亞州)的煙霧、犯罪以及都市化帶來(lái)的其他問(wèn)題。

      例句: I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. (選自2003年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中定語(yǔ)從句that spend far less on medical care修飾countries,than we have是比較狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 我也深知在日本和瑞典這樣醫(yī)療開(kāi)銷(xiāo)很少的國(guó)家,人們獲得了比我們更長(zhǎng)的壽命和更健康的生活。

      (七) more than和more...than

      1. more than= over,表示“超過(guò),何止, 極其”,可以修飾名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞或從句,放在動(dòng)詞前常譯為“不僅僅,遠(yuǎn),大”。

      例句: More than two hundred years ago the United States broke away from the British Empire and became an independent country.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 200多年前,美國(guó)擺脫了大英帝國(guó),成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家。

      例句: The more than 50, 000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample for destroying every city in the world several times over. (1998年第18題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,短語(yǔ)be ample for sth. /doing sth.意為“足以……”,介詞短語(yǔ)in the hands of various nations today作定語(yǔ)修飾weapons。

      譯文: 今天,各國(guó)手中掌握的5萬(wàn)多件核武器足以將世界上的每一座城市毀滅數(shù)次。

      2. more...than可譯為“與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……”,即more A than B,譯為“與其說(shuō)是B不如說(shuō)是A”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“more”后的A,反義表達(dá)是less A than B,譯為“與其說(shuō)A不如說(shuō)B”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“than”后的B。

      例句: What he said is more a story than a joke made for fun.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主語(yǔ)是what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,is是謂語(yǔ),made for fun作后置定語(yǔ)修飾joke。

      譯文: 與其說(shuō)他講述了一個(gè)逗人開(kāi)心的笑話(huà)還不如說(shuō)那是一個(gè)相當(dāng)離譜的故事。

      (八) no more than 與 no more...than

      1. no more than= nothing more than= only表示“僅僅,只不過(guò)”之意。

      例句: The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is no more than an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. (2001年第7題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that he or she is no more than...在句中作sense的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 電視觀眾作為個(gè)體來(lái)說(shuō)總是覺(jué)得,他/她只是眾多不同觀眾中無(wú)名無(wú)姓的、不值一提的一分子罷了。

      2. no more...than...表示“不是……也不是……”或“與……同樣不”之意。

      (l)no more+名詞+than+名詞。

      例句: I?m afraid you?ve got the wrong person. I am no more a scientist than a mathematician.

      譯文: 我想恐怕你們搞錯(cuò)了,我既不是什么科學(xué)家,也不是什么數(shù)學(xué)家。

      試比較: She is not more a doctor than a technician. (less a doctor than a technician)

      譯文: 與其說(shuō)她是醫(yī)生,還不如說(shuō)她是技師。

      (2)no+形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)+than。

      例句: The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. (1994年第4題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,由主句和for引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句組成。

      譯文: 心臟和胃一樣都無(wú)智力可言,因?yàn)樗鼈兌际艽竽X的控制。

      例句: Mr.McWhorter?s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of old English. (選自2005年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是并列句,to be natural和no more regrettable than the loss of...是see的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 麥荷特先生研究的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域是語(yǔ)言的歷史和演化,他將諸如whom這類(lèi)詞匯的逐步消失看做是正常的,認(rèn)為它們與古英語(yǔ)尾格消失一樣不值得惋惜。

      (九)not so...as 和 not so much...as

      1. not so...as是一般比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),表示劣等比較。

      例句: While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (2009年第48題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是it is not so easy as in dealing with adults。該從句中的it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,介詞短語(yǔ)in our contact with them在句中作狀語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 在和他們的交往中,我們很容易忽視自己的行為對(duì)他們的性格產(chǎn)生的影響,但在與成年人的交往過(guò)程中,這種情況就不那么容易發(fā)生。

      2. not so much...as表示“與其說(shuō)是……不如說(shuō)是……”之意。

      例句: The chief reason for the population growth isn?t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvement in medical care.(1997年第6題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,介詞短語(yǔ)as a result of improvement in medical care作狀語(yǔ)表示原因。

      譯文: 人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說(shuō)是出生率的上升,還不如說(shuō)是由于醫(yī)療保健的改善而引起的死亡率的下降。

      例句: It wasn?t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn?t interested in the whole business. (2000年第9題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,包含由not so much that...as that...引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,that I disliked her與that I just wasn?t interested in...為并列結(jié)構(gòu)。

      譯文: 與其說(shuō)我不喜歡她,不如說(shuō)我只是對(duì)整個(gè)事件不感興趣。

      (十)不用than的比較級(jí)

      1. the+比較級(jí)...,the+比較級(jí)...,表示“越……,越……”之意。

      例句: The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (選自2007年P(guān)art C)

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 他們?cè)绞橇私鈬?guó)家的運(yùn)行方式,就越能作出好的報(bào)道。

      例句: In fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. (選自2009年Text 1)

      分析: 句中第一個(gè)破折號(hào)對(duì)前面內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)诙䝼(gè)破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容表示前面那樣實(shí)踐的結(jié)果。

      譯文: 事實(shí)上,我們嘗試的新事物越多就越能走出自己的舒適區(qū),從而無(wú)論在職場(chǎng)上還是在個(gè)人生活中都具有更大的內(nèi)在創(chuàng)造力。

      2.(ever)+比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí),表示“日益”之意。

      例句: The weather is turning ever colder and colder, and people have to make a fire in their homes in advance.

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 天氣變得越來(lái)越冷,人們紛紛提前在家里生起了火。

      3.prefer+動(dòng)名詞+to+動(dòng)名詞=prefer to+動(dòng)詞原形+rather than+動(dòng)詞原形。

      例句: The old man himself prefers to write the letter rather than dictate others.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 老人寧愿自己親自寫(xiě)信也不愿口授他人。

      4.以 ior結(jié)尾的形容詞接to構(gòu)成比較級(jí),而不接than,但有些詞可以用接than的比較級(jí)來(lái)替代,如: junior to(=younger than),senior to(=older than),inferior to(=worse than), superior to(=better than),prior(=before)以及preferable(比……更可取的)。

      例句: Beethoven is my favorite musician and I consider him as superior to other musicians in the world.

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 貝多芬是我最喜歡的音樂(lè)家,我認(rèn)為他比世界上其他音樂(lè)家都要優(yōu)秀。

      七、倍數(shù)表示法

      (一)表倍數(shù)的詞+as+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+as...

      例句: The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 氧原子的重量幾乎是氫原子的16倍。

      例句: Engaged in the part time job, he earned three times as much as his roommate.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中分詞engaged in...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示原因。

      譯文: 由于從事了兼職工作,他所掙得的是他舍友所掙得的三倍。

      (二)表倍數(shù)的詞+ that/(the+名詞)+of...

      例句: The cotton output in Hami area is 3 times that of the grape.

      譯文: 哈密地區(qū)的棉花產(chǎn)量是葡萄產(chǎn)量的三倍。

      (三)表倍數(shù)的詞+比較級(jí)+than

      例句: Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. (1999年第2題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that it kills...是一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 吸煙對(duì)個(gè)人健康危害嚴(yán)重,每年吸煙造成的死亡人數(shù)比機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)事故的死亡人數(shù)多七倍。

      例句: When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. (選自2000年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,after the end of the Second World War在句中作狀語(yǔ),形容詞短語(yǔ)eight times larger than any competitor修飾market,分詞giving its industries...在句中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明it had a market...any competitor的結(jié)果。

      譯文: 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,美國(guó)恰好進(jìn)入這樣一段輝煌時(shí)期,當(dāng)時(shí),它擁有的市場(chǎng)是任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的八倍,這使美國(guó)工業(yè)達(dá)到了一個(gè)無(wú)與倫比的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模。

      (四)用倍數(shù)動(dòng)詞double,triple, quadruple分別表示增加了一、二、三倍

      例句: The handling capacity of the Qingdao Harbor has tripled in two years.

      譯文: 青島港的吞吐量?jī)赡觊g翻了兩番。

      (五)表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞

      1. 用表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞(如increase,rise,grow,go up,decrease,fall,drop,lower, reduce)+to+...times表示“增加到……倍或減少到……倍”。

      例句: As a result, California?s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent—little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. (選自1998年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容,即形容詞短語(yǔ)little more than two thirds...and...對(duì)前面內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。

      譯文: 結(jié)果,20世紀(jì)70年代加利福尼亞州的人口增長(zhǎng)率降到了18.5。這個(gè)數(shù)字比60年代增長(zhǎng)率的2/3略高,但明顯低于西部其他各州。

      2. 用表示增加或減少的動(dòng)詞+by+...times表示“增加了或減少了……倍”。

      例句: And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2 a year, which is more than twice the 1978—1987 average. (選自1998年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句which is more than twice...修飾about 2 a year。

      譯文: 1991年以來(lái),生產(chǎn)率每年大約增長(zhǎng)2,這一比率是1978年到1987年平均增長(zhǎng)指數(shù)的兩倍。

      3. 表增減意義的動(dòng)詞+數(shù)字或表增減意義的動(dòng)詞+by a factor of+數(shù)字(增加時(shí),譯作“增加了n-1倍”,減少時(shí)譯作“減少了(n-1)n倍”)。

      例句: The grain output in our country has increased four times.

      譯文: 我國(guó)糧食產(chǎn)量增加了3倍。

      例句: The coal output has been lowered by a factor of 5.

      譯文: 煤的產(chǎn)量減少了4/5。

      (六)表示增加意義的形容詞/副詞

      1. again +as+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+as表示“是/為……的兩倍”之意。

      例句: The car factory is again as large as the electronic infrastructure factory.

      譯文: 汽車(chē)廠是電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施廠的兩倍大。

      2.half again+as+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+as表示“增加了一半”之意。

      例句: This Liberation Bridge is half again as long as the Victoria.

      譯文: 解放大橋是維多利亞大橋的1.5倍。

      代詞

      一、人稱(chēng)代詞

      (一)人稱(chēng)代詞的主格、賓格

      人稱(chēng)代詞的主格在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),賓格作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),主格和賓格不可混用。

      例句: When school was over, Jack and me went home together.

      分析: me應(yīng)改為I,因?yàn)樗幵谥髡Z(yǔ)的位置上。

      例句: Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. (1996年第14題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中which a person smokes是修飾each cigarette的定語(yǔ)從句,he指代前面的a person。

      譯文: 一個(gè)人吸的每一支煙都對(duì)他的身體有害,最終他將因吸煙患上一種嚴(yán)重的疾病。

      (二)it的用法

      1. 代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替單個(gè)詞、詞組或句子)。

      例句: The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. (2000年第19題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中he composes是省略了關(guān)系代詞which/that的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作狀語(yǔ)修飾enjoys。

      譯文: 理想的聽(tīng)眾是當(dāng)音樂(lè)奏響時(shí)既能置身其中又可超然其外的人,并且?guī)缀蹩梢韵褡髑以趧?chuàng)作音樂(lè)時(shí)那樣享受音樂(lè)。

      例句: You have saved my life and I will never forget it.

      分析: it指you have saved my life。

      譯文: 你曾經(jīng)挽救過(guò)我的生命,我決不會(huì)忘記這件事。

      2. 表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣等自然現(xiàn)象。

      例句: It is time now to tell the Americans they are on the wrong track.

      譯文: 現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候告訴美國(guó)人他們走錯(cuò)路了。

      例句: She didn?t come back until it was 12:00.

      譯文: 直到12點(diǎn)她才回來(lái)。

      例句: It is about 50 miles to school.

      譯文: 到學(xué)校大概50英里。

      3. 作形式主語(yǔ)(真正的主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞、不定式或主語(yǔ)從句)

      例句: But it?s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood aren?t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience. (選自2011年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to wonder if the images aren?t contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience;we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the images;介詞短語(yǔ)in some small,subconscious way作狀語(yǔ),表示方式。

      譯文: 我們想知道每周看到的“毫無(wú)壓力、提升幸福感”的為人父母形象是否在以某種細(xì)微的、潛意識(shí)的方式加劇我們對(duì)現(xiàn)行生活體驗(yàn)的不滿(mǎn)呢?這很有意思。

      例句: In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

      (2007年第49題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。it是形式主語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句who do not have a clear grasp...Constitution修飾journalists,can do是賓語(yǔ)從句how...的謂語(yǔ)部分。

      譯文: 事實(shí)上,很難想象那些對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本要點(diǎn)缺乏清晰了解的新聞?dòng)浾吣軇偃握涡侣劦膱?bào)道工作。

      4. 作形式賓語(yǔ)

      例句: The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. (選自2011年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中it作形式賓語(yǔ),真正的賓語(yǔ)是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one,more acceptable作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 金融危機(jī)已經(jīng)使得等待工作機(jī)會(huì)或者辭去糟糕的工作這種行為更容易被人接受了。

      例句: There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. (1998年第7題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。no matter what he does在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示讓步,分詞短語(yǔ)making...作over 100 night schools的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 這個(gè)城市有100多所夜校,這使得專(zhuān)業(yè)人員無(wú)論從事什么工作都有可能接受再教育。

      5. 引出強(qiáng)調(diào)句(強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)以外的其他成分)

      用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型: It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分,被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常為主語(yǔ)(從句)、賓語(yǔ)(從句)、狀語(yǔ)(從句),強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用when或where,要用that,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常用“是”、“正是”等來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)含義。判斷是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”,如果余下部分是一個(gè)完整的句子,說(shuō)明原句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,否則就是一個(gè)由it作形式主語(yǔ)的句子。

      例句: It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. (選自2002年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。分詞短語(yǔ)beginning with...作主語(yǔ)the communications revolution的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),該強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)during the same time。

      譯文: 與此同時(shí),通訊革命也在加速發(fā)展,從交通運(yùn)輸、鐵路開(kāi)始,發(fā)展到電報(bào)、電話(huà)、無(wú)線(xiàn)電和電影再到20世紀(jì)的汽車(chē)和飛機(jī)。

      例句: Perhaps it is humankind?s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. (選自1998年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。句子主干為humankind?s long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短語(yǔ)at the mercy of...意為“聽(tīng)?wèi){……擺布,完全受……支配”。

      譯文: 也許正是由于人類(lèi)長(zhǎng)期聽(tīng)任旱澇之災(zāi)的擺布,才使得讓洪水聽(tīng)從人類(lèi)的調(diào)遣這種理想令人如此癡迷。

      二、物主代詞

      (一)物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞

      形容詞性物主代詞只能修飾名詞而不能代替名詞,而名詞性物主代詞可以代替名詞詞組,即“形容詞性物主代詞+前面所提到的名詞”。

      例句: All the off shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families. (1998年第35題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 海洋石油勘探隊(duì)員們讀情深意濃的家書(shū)時(shí)個(gè)個(gè)情緒高漲。

      例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.

      分析: 該句是并列句。第一部分是個(gè)復(fù)合句,出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 他因?yàn)樵愀獾陌l(fā)音而不夠資格當(dāng)英文老師,但她的發(fā)音卻非常好。

      (二)不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞。

      如:不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),男性物主代詞置于女性物主代詞前。

      例句: Who do you like best, his or her friends?

      譯文: 你最喜歡他的還是她的朋友?

      (三)名詞性物主代詞(除its外)可與介詞of搭配,構(gòu)成雙重所有格

      a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。

      如:

      a book of mine

      no fault of hers

      that pen of his

      例句: In March 1998, a friend of Williams?s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for additions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams?s gambling problems. (選自2006年P(guān)art B)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。got和wrote是兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

      譯文: 1998年3月,威廉姆斯的一個(gè)朋友把他強(qiáng)行送入一家戒賭治療中心,并寫(xiě)信通知賭場(chǎng)有關(guān)威廉姆斯的賭博問(wèn)題。

      三、反身代詞

      反身代詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ),使用時(shí)注意反身代詞與其指代對(duì)象在人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和性上保持一致。

      例句: According to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it. (2001年第3題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中had better+ do意為“最好做某事”。

      譯文: 按照一種觀點(diǎn),真理若想眾人皆知,真理就應(yīng)該顯而易見(jiàn),所以人們最好是等待而不是去探尋它。

      例句: Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my English. (1999年第35題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。avail oneself of...意為“利用(機(jī)會(huì)等)”。

      譯文: 我敬愛(ài)的導(dǎo)師懷特教授經(jīng)常提醒我抓住每個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)提高英語(yǔ)水平。

      例句: The house belongs to myself.(作介詞賓語(yǔ))

      You yourself did wrong to him.(作同位語(yǔ))

      四、相互代詞

      相互代詞只有each other和one another兩種,通常前者表示兩者之間的相互關(guān)系,后者表示兩者以上的人或事物之間的相互關(guān)系。

      例句: Language, culture, and personality may be considered independently of each other in thought,but they are inseparable in fact. (1996年第31題)

      分析: 該句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。

      譯文: 在意識(shí)形態(tài)中,語(yǔ)言、文化和個(gè)性可能被認(rèn)為是相互獨(dú)立的,但事實(shí)上它們是不可分割的。

      例句: In Europe, as elsewhere, multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. (2005年第47題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干為multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups。定語(yǔ)從句which bring together...修飾groups,其中television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses作bring的賓語(yǔ),即bring...together, 另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that work in relation to one another修飾其前面的幾個(gè)名詞。

      譯文: 在歐洲,像在其他地方一樣,傳媒集團(tuán)擴(kuò)張的越來(lái)越成功,這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、 廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

      注意: 相互代詞的所有格形式為each other?s,one another?s,其后接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,不能接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。

      五、指示代詞

      (一)this,that和these,those

      指示代詞this和that的復(fù)數(shù)形式分別為these和those,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),this和these表示較近的空間或時(shí)間,that和those表示較遠(yuǎn)的空間和時(shí)間。

      例句: In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 過(guò)去林業(yè)工人多半是男人,可如今從事這一行業(yè)的婦女人數(shù)在增加。

      例句: We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004年第62題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為We are obliged to them。because引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句who spoke them修飾the peoples,as引導(dǎo)的句子可以看做插入語(yǔ),補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 some of these languages have since vanished的原因。

      譯文: 我們之所以感激他們(兩位先驅(qū)),是因?yàn)樵诖艘院,這些語(yǔ)言中有一些已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了,這是由于使用這些語(yǔ)言的民族或是消亡了,或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語(yǔ)言。

      (二)指示代詞that和those也可用于比較結(jié)構(gòu),表示前面提到的東西,避免重復(fù)

      例句: The number of registered participants in this year?s marathon was half that of last year?s. (1996年第7題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)名詞number,因此后面指代它的代詞只能是單數(shù)that,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

      譯文: 今年登記參加馬拉松賽跑的人數(shù)是去年的一半。

      例句: His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006年第47題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為His function is analogous to that of a judge。定語(yǔ)從句who must accept...修飾a judge,介詞短語(yǔ)in as obvious a matter as possible作狀語(yǔ),用來(lái)說(shuō)明reveal的方式,另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句which led him to his decision修飾the course of reasoning。

      譯文: 他的職責(zé)與法官相似,必須承擔(dān)這樣的責(zé)任: 用盡可能明了的方式來(lái)展示自己作出決定的推理過(guò)程。

      例句: These bunches of flowers are more beautiful than those we bought yesterday.

      譯文: 這些束花比昨天我們買(mǎi)的那些花漂亮多了。

      (三)指示代詞such在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)

      例句: Such is what you want me to do.

      Such are the meanings of authentic love.

      (such作表語(yǔ)時(shí),往往置于句首)

      注意: such用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)和副詞so的區(qū)別在前面副詞一節(jié)中已提到。

      (四)指示代詞same的用法

      在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),其前與定冠詞the連用。

      例句: Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. (選自1996年Cloze Test)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 因?yàn)槭怯赏瑯拥脑貥?gòu)成——通常是碳、氫、氧,有時(shí)還有氮,所以各種維生素都很相似。

      六、疑問(wèn)代詞

      疑問(wèn)代詞用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指選擇對(duì)象。

      例句: What?s the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (選自2007年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是由or連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句(特殊疑問(wèn)句)。

      譯文: 愛(ài)情與喜歡有什么區(qū)別,幸運(yùn)和巧合的本質(zhì)是什么?

      七、關(guān)系代詞

      關(guān)系代詞包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,其他關(guān)系代詞既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,具體用法詳見(jiàn)定語(yǔ)從句一節(jié)。

      八、不定代詞

      (一)both,all

      1. both用于兩者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。

      例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,suggest是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,that Indians and their neighbors...是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 來(lái)自?xún)蓚(gè)地區(qū)的史前遺跡中的類(lèi)似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前1500年前就維持著遙遠(yuǎn)但真實(shí)的聯(lián)系。

      例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74題)

      分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,whereas連接兩個(gè)并列分句,其中前一個(gè)分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語(yǔ)with...為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句that followed修飾changes。

      譯文: 在早先實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中,其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)有深遠(yuǎn)影響的變革延續(xù)了將近一個(gè)世紀(jì),而現(xiàn)如今,一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家只用十年左右的時(shí)間就可以經(jīng)歷同樣的過(guò)程。

      2. all作代詞時(shí),其后謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。

      例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 我們搜集到的與那件事有關(guān)的所有信息都是沒(méi)有意義的。

      例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.

      譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開(kāi)會(huì)了。

      3. both,all,every和not連用時(shí)表示部分否定。

      例句 :But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system(the“emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自2005年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是由分號(hào)及while連接的并列句,分號(hào)相當(dāng)于連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。

      譯文: 但并不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動(dòng),控制情緒的大腦部位異常活躍,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質(zhì)卻相對(duì)平靜。

      例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自2002年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 不是每個(gè)人都能正確看待這個(gè)過(guò)程。

      (二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some

      1. either和neither是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“兩者中任何一個(gè)都(不)”,作名詞或形容詞。

      用法為:

      either (neither) of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)

      either (neither)+單數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)

      如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.

      例句: Neither kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 人們對(duì)這兩種睡眠都沒(méi)有完全了解,但認(rèn)為快速眼動(dòng)睡眠有使大腦恢復(fù)的功能。

      2. either指兩者中的任何一個(gè),僅限兩者,而each用于兩者以上;either和both可互換使用,但both強(qiáng)調(diào)整體。

      例句: The relationship between Latin American music and black music in the United States is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句that are common to either/both修飾beats。

      譯文: 拉丁美洲音樂(lè)同美國(guó)黑人音樂(lè)的關(guān)系明顯地表現(xiàn)在這兩種音樂(lè)各自存在著無(wú)重音 節(jié)拍這一共同點(diǎn)上。

      例句: We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 我們也希望每個(gè)地方都恰如其分。

      3. any和none是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)都(不)”,其后謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 的單復(fù)數(shù)參看例句。

      例句: Although Professor Green?s lectures usually run over the fifty minute period, none of his students ever object(s)as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 雖然格林教授的課通常超過(guò)規(guī)定的50分鐘,但他的學(xué)生從無(wú)一人表示反對(duì),因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)格林的課既富有知識(shí)性又有趣。

      例句: If any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 如果在座的有人不贊成我的觀點(diǎn),那么他就應(yīng)該提出他自己的改善這些人生活條件的方案。

      4. any和some的主要區(qū)別在于any用于否定句、條件句和疑問(wèn)句;some用于肯定句,表示期待對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)或以問(wèn)句形式向?qū)Ψ教岢鲆蠡蜓?qǐng)。

      例句: He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any reliance on what he promises. (1997年第23題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 他多次辜負(fù)了我的期望,以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承諾。

      例句: The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (選自2008年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是The idea is one of those hypotheses。that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others是idea的同位語(yǔ)從句,that dare not speak its name是hypotheses的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 認(rèn)為某些群體的智商要高于其他群體是一個(gè)無(wú)人敢說(shuō)出來(lái)的假想。

      5. every只能用作形容詞,everyone指人,而every one既可以指物也可以指人。

      例句: Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country. (1998年第32題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句隱含了一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,Without telephone相 當(dāng)于if there were no telephone。

      譯文: 如果沒(méi)有電話(huà),全國(guó)幾乎所有的商業(yè)運(yùn)作都不可能正常進(jìn)行。

      例句: There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a benefit to an individual.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that everyone agrees on...作assumption的同位語(yǔ)從句,what constitutes a benefit to an individual作介詞on的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 科學(xué)家和醫(yī)務(wù)人員普遍持有一種不正確的假設(shè),即:人們?cè)谑裁礃?gòu)成了個(gè)人利益問(wèn)題上意見(jiàn)一致。

      (三)one,the other和another

      1. 兩者中一個(gè)用one表示,另一個(gè)用the other表示,不定數(shù)目中的另一個(gè)用another表示。

      例句: However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. (選自2005年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為their behavior became markedly different。 when引 導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中又插入了so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中what the other...作observe的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被放在隔開(kāi)但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間中,而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用巖石交換了什么物品之后,他們的行為就發(fā)生了巨大變化。

      例句: We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let?s have another one this month.

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 上個(gè)月我們舉行了一場(chǎng)晚會(huì),很有意思。因此,我們這個(gè)月再舉行一場(chǎng)類(lèi)似的晚會(huì)吧。

      2. 表示三者并對(duì)三者加以說(shuō)明。

      表達(dá)方法如下:

      one...another...and the other

      one...a second...and the third

      例句: I have three sisters, one is a nurse, another (a second) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.

      注: 表示四者并對(duì)四者都加以說(shuō)明的表達(dá)方式是:one...another...a third...and the fourth (the other)...。

      3. One作代詞時(shí),前用形容詞或the,this,that,which,any,some,each,every等來(lái)修飾,另有one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

      例句: That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (選自2006年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,means后的賓語(yǔ)從句省略了連接代詞that,what is in the sea作介詞 of的賓語(yǔ),so引導(dǎo)的另一個(gè)分句中的the one代替前面的名詞difference,分詞短語(yǔ)recorded by...作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the one。

      譯文: 這意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈,因此現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的真正差異可能比根據(jù)漁獲量的變化所記錄的更糟糕。

      例句: One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors. (2001年第13題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that all ships...harbors作make sure的賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)的責(zé)任之一就是確保所有船只在繁忙的港口嚴(yán)格遵守航運(yùn)規(guī)則。

      注意: that和one都可用來(lái)代表句子前面部分中的名詞以避免重復(fù): one指代可數(shù)名詞, 為不確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones;that指代可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,為確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。

      例句: No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中that代替前面的bread,分詞短語(yǔ)earned by his own labor作定語(yǔ)修飾that。

      譯文: 什么面包也不如自己勞動(dòng)掙得的面包香。

      例句: Julia tried to find a good book on physics, but the bookstore she went to yesterday did not have one.

      分析: 該句是并列句,其中第二個(gè)分句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,she went to yesterday是修飾the bookstore的定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 朱麗亞想找一本物理學(xué)方面的好書(shū),但昨天她去的那家書(shū)店沒(méi)有。

      4. another后接單數(shù)名詞,表示的意思是“另一個(gè),又一個(gè)(one more);另外的,別的(some other);不同的(a different)”。

      例句: Her mother will be back in another moment, and we have to wait for her.

      分析: 本句是以and連接的并列句。

      譯文: 她媽媽再過(guò)一會(huì)兒就回來(lái),我們還是等等她吧。

      例句: We will visit the History Museum another day.

      譯文: 我們改天參觀歷史博物館。

      例句: He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will expire at the end of this month. (1998年第34題)

      分析: 該句是由yet連接的并列句。

      譯文: 他正計(jì)劃再到國(guó)外去旅游,但是他的護(hù)照這個(gè)月底就到期了。

      5. other通常接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,在any other,every other, no other,some other,the other,one other后,名詞也可用單數(shù)形式。

      例句: As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians?. (1997年第19題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中As far as I am concerned為插入語(yǔ),other politicians?相當(dāng)于other politicians? politics,分詞短語(yǔ)compared with other politicians?在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間或條件,相當(dāng)于when/if his politics are compared with other politicians?。

      譯文: 依我看,與其他政治家的政治觀點(diǎn)相比,他的觀點(diǎn)更加保守。

      例句: No other book has had a greater influence on my life.

      譯文: 任何書(shū)對(duì)我一生的影響都沒(méi)有這本書(shū)大。

      例句: Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.

      譯文: 威爾遜發(fā)現(xiàn)除了他自己外只有一個(gè)客人。

      注意: other與數(shù)目連用時(shí)其位置如下:

      基數(shù)詞+ other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞;

      the other+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the+基數(shù)詞+other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

      (四)few,a few; little,a little

      few和a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little和a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞;a few和a little具有肯定含義;few和little具有否定含義;the few和the little表示肯定含義。

      例句: A few premiers are suspicious of any federal provincial deal making.(選自2005年P(guān)art B)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 一些省督們對(duì)由聯(lián)邦政府聯(lián)合各省進(jìn)行談判的做法心存懷疑。

      例句: The roles expected of old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. (2000年第7題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中分詞短語(yǔ)expected of old people在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾the roles。

      譯文: 在此情況下,對(duì)老年人角色的期望使得他們幾乎無(wú)法得到心理上的滿(mǎn)足,也就無(wú)法享受正常的幸福生活。

      例句: Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,of which obtaining water is...是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾 problems,the least是the little的最高級(jí)表示肯定意義。

      譯文: 居住在澳大利亞沙漠中心有其自身的問(wèn)題,其中,獲取水是很?chē)?yán)峻的問(wèn)題。

      例句: They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006年第50題)

      分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句which involve moral judgment修飾problems,but前后是兩個(gè)并列句。

      譯文: 他們可以教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒(méi)有對(duì)需要進(jìn)行道德判斷的關(guān)于人的問(wèn)題講行獨(dú)立思考。

      (五)most

      most表示大多數(shù)、大部分或最大數(shù)量、最大程度等,作代詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。

      例句:It?s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (選自2011年Text 4)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句。在主句中,it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,it代表前面提到的to want children;冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的解釋。

      譯文:很難想象,僅僅因?yàn)槔锼购桶布惸仁埂吧⒆印笨雌饋?lái)頗具魅力,很多人就愚蠢地跟風(fēng)效仿:大多數(shù)成年人都明白撫養(yǎng)孩子并不像理發(fā)那樣簡(jiǎn)單。

      例句: Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of their space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics. (2000年第17題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句為Most newspapers usually manage to find room on the inside pages...topics。從句while后的完整形式應(yīng)為while they are devoting the major part of their space to recent events。

      譯文: 大多數(shù)報(bào)紙將主要版面用來(lái)報(bào)道近期發(fā)生的事件,但通常也會(huì)在內(nèi)頁(yè)留出空間刊登一些趣聞。

      例句: Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句whose brain is...rapidly修飾the infant。

      譯文: 其原因往往是母親對(duì)大腦已做好快速學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)備的嬰兒所發(fā)出的信號(hào)不敏感。

      1. 單獨(dú)使用時(shí),most前無(wú)冠詞。

      例句: Some of the people stayed behind, but most went.

      分析: most=most people,動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

      2. most后帶有限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),前加the。

      例句: The most this hall can seat is 1,000.

      分析: 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,this hall can seat這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾the most。seat是動(dòng)詞,意為“為……提供座位”。

      譯文: 這個(gè)大廳最多能容納一千人。

      3. most of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“大多數(shù)……”;most of+形容詞性物主代詞+單數(shù)名詞表示“大部分……”。

      例句: Mr.Pollard has visited most of the countries in Europe.

      譯文: 波勒德先生已經(jīng)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)了歐洲大多數(shù)國(guó)家。

      例句: Most of her book deals with problems in political economy.

      譯文: 她的書(shū)大部分都是論述政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的問(wèn)題的。

      例句: Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. (選自1998年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,and前一分句中that companies make是一定語(yǔ)從句修飾the changes,后一分句中this指代前面句子的所有內(nèi)容,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容作解釋。

      譯文: 此外,公司改革的目的大部分是為了盈利,這種需求并不一定總是能夠提高生產(chǎn)率: 轉(zhuǎn)入新的市場(chǎng)或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也能獲得同樣的效果。

      4. most作副詞時(shí)構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí);在通俗英語(yǔ)中most=very,修飾形容詞或副詞,most與mostly的區(qū)別在于后者作“大部分”講(=for the most part)。

      例句: The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (2001年第14題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,is與seems to是兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 愛(ài)斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任別人也最體貼他人的人,然而他們對(duì)自己的動(dòng)物的福利卻好像漠不關(guān)心。

      例句: What Mr.Jelly said is mostly(=for the most part) correct.

      譯文: 杰勒先生說(shuō)的話(huà)大部分是正確的。

      5. most+名詞,表示泛指;most of the+名詞,表示特指。

      例句: Most Chinese like fast food.(泛指)

      Most of the people in this district are fond of CCTV5.(特指)

      九、連接代詞

      連接代詞包括who, whom, whose, what, which, that。其中除what外,其他連接代詞也可作關(guān)系代詞,其區(qū)別在于連接代詞引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句等名詞性從句,而關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句。

      (一)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句

      例句: That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 太陽(yáng)是我們行星系的中心(而不是地球)這一概念在中世紀(jì)是很難讓人明白的。

      例句: It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009年第46題)

      分析: 該句是由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but連接的并列句,其中第一個(gè)分句中it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是that the measure of the worth...,of any social institution是worth的后置定語(yǔ),in enlarging and improving experience是its effect的后置定語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 或許可以說(shuō),要衡量任何一種社會(huì)制度的價(jià)值就要看它在豐富和提升人們經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面的影響,但是這種影響并不是其最初動(dòng)機(jī)的一部分。

      (二)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句

      例句: He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (2008年第49題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)是he was superior to..., 其中包含了由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,in noticing things與in observing them carefully是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。

      譯文: 他又自謙地說(shuō),或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并對(duì)其加以仔細(xì)觀察方面優(yōu)于常人”。

      例句: I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. (1998年第3題)

      分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,其中短語(yǔ)assure sb. that...意為“向某人保證某事”。

      譯文: 如果我冒犯了你,我向你道歉,但我保證那不是故意的。

      (三)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句

      例句:One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (選自2011年Text 1)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句。其中,why the appointment came as such a surprise是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾reasons,however作插入語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)as such a surprise作狀語(yǔ),修飾came;主句的主干部分是One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known。

      譯文: 然而,該任命顯得如此突然的原因之一就是吉爾伯特比較不為人知。

      例句: The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (選自2006年Text3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that people have failed to...changes是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句,which have happened in the ocean作changes的定語(yǔ),because后引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 這個(gè)概念是說(shuō)人們沒(méi)有注意到發(fā)生在海洋里的巨大變化,因?yàn)槿藗冎皇腔仡櫫诉^(guò)去很短一段時(shí)間。

      (四)同位語(yǔ)從句(通常由that引導(dǎo),也可由whether,what,when,where,why,how引導(dǎo),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明其前名詞的具體內(nèi)容和含義)

      例句:Allen?s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. (2011年第46題)

      分析:該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是Allen?s contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中we all share是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,與assumption為同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系。

      譯文:愛(ài)倫的貢獻(xiàn)在于他提出了一個(gè)公認(rèn)的假設(shè)并揭示了其錯(cuò)誤本質(zhì),即“我們不是機(jī)器人,因此我們能控制自己的思想”。

      例句: But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007年第48題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干結(jié)構(gòu)為the idea...rests on an understanding..., that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen是the idea的同位語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 新聞?dòng)浾邞?yīng)該比普通公民更加透徹地了解法律,但這種看法是基于他們對(duì)新聞媒體業(yè)已確立的規(guī)約和特殊責(zé)任的理解。

      (五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever

      連接代詞what+ever指不定數(shù)目中無(wú)論什么,用于物;who(m)+ever指不定數(shù)目中無(wú)淪是誰(shuí),用于人;which+ever指確定數(shù)目中無(wú)論哪一個(gè),用于人或物。

      例句: Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (選自2008年P(guān)art B)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out..., whatever outline you have made作flesh out(使充實(shí)、具體化)的賓語(yǔ),從句中develop...into意思是“發(fā)展成;變成”。前半部分是now that引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 既然你已經(jīng)將一個(gè)主題拓展成了一個(gè)初步的論題,那么你就可以整合筆記內(nèi)容,豐富自己擬定的提綱。

      例句: Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage—spying as a“profession”. (選自2003年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,whatever tools came to...作using的賓語(yǔ),破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)espionage的解釋說(shuō)明。

      譯文: 多諾萬(wàn)認(rèn)為在職業(yè)間諜活動(dòng)這一“偉大事業(yè)”中可以利用任何有用的工具。

      介詞

      介詞是一種表示名詞和句中其他詞之間關(guān)系的詞,它不能單獨(dú)作句子成分,后接名詞、代詞等作其賓語(yǔ)。

      一、介詞搭配

      介詞常與名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等搭配。

      (一)與名詞搭配

      如:

      in deficit (赤字,逆差)

      approach to (……的方法)

      in the wake of (緊緊跟隨,隨著……而來(lái))

      from scratch (從零開(kāi)始)

      例句: China also signed a long term trade agreement with the EEC in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979.

      分析: 該句是并列句。

      譯文: 1978年中國(guó)還與歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體簽署了長(zhǎng)期貿(mào)易協(xié)議;隨著1979年初與美國(guó)外交關(guān)系正常化的到來(lái),中國(guó)與美國(guó)的貿(mào)易也迅速增長(zhǎng)。

      (二)與動(dòng)詞搭配

      如:

      move along (沿著)

      bustle about (匆忙)

      buoy up (上升)

      rein in (抑制)

      pass down (使流傳)

      例句: The decline was partly caused by India?s reining in of its budget deficit and the short term effects of the implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 衰退的部分原因是印度抑制其預(yù)算赤字及推行強(qiáng)有力的緊急穩(wěn)定措施的短期效果。

      例句: Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father?s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. (選自2009年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,句子主干是most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either...or...引導(dǎo)的并列短語(yǔ)作a single lineage的同位語(yǔ),which is passed down only from mothers是一個(gè)修飾mitochondrial DNA的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 然而,許多血統(tǒng)檢測(cè)僅僅考慮一個(gè)單一的血統(tǒng),要么是遺傳來(lái)自父親家庭里的Y染色體,要么是僅從母親那里遺傳下來(lái)的線(xiàn)粒體DNA。

      (三)與形容詞搭配

      如:

      amenable to (對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé))

      conducive to (對(duì)……有益)

      awkward for (對(duì)……不便,對(duì)……不合適)

      例句: Korea traditionally has made things awkward for foreigners in terms of its financial systems, its real estate laws and so forth.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 韓國(guó)傳統(tǒng)上一直在金融體制、不動(dòng)產(chǎn)法等方面讓外國(guó)人感到極不方便。

      二、介詞分類(lèi)

      (一)簡(jiǎn)單介詞

      介詞由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成,常見(jiàn)的有:

      aboutaboveacross

      afteragainstalong

      among(a)roundas

      atbeforebehind

      belowbeneathbeside(s)

      betweenbeyond but

      byconsidering(考慮到) concerning(關(guān)于)

      despite(盡管,任憑) downduring

      except for from

      in insideinto

      including likenear

      of offon

      opposite outsideover

      past regarding(關(guān)于)since

      through tillthroughout

      to toward(s)under

      upwithwithin

      without

      例句: Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response: causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. (選自2008年Text 1)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為studies...have shown that...。分詞causing...作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨,其邏輯主語(yǔ)是sex hormones。

      譯文: 對(duì)人和動(dòng)物的研究已經(jīng)表明性激素荷爾蒙以某種方式會(huì)影響對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng);結(jié)果造 成在同等條件下,婦女處于壓力下會(huì)比男人產(chǎn)生更多的誘發(fā)性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

      例句: Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. (選自2011年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾image of parenthood,介詞短語(yǔ)like Us Weekly and People作后置定語(yǔ),修飾celebrity magazines。

      譯文: 當(dāng)然,《我們周刊》、《人物》等名人雜志中呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)的父母形象非常不切實(shí)際,尤其當(dāng)母親是布洛克這樣的單親媽媽時(shí)更是如此。

      (二)成語(yǔ)介詞

      成語(yǔ)介詞由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞構(gòu)成。

      如:

      according toahead ofalong with

      apart fromas foras to

      because ofdue toexcept for

      in view ofirrespective of(無(wú)論)out of

      previous toprior tothanks to

      together withup toby means of

      by way offor the sake ofin the event of

      in front ofinstead ofon the point of

      on account ofowing towith a view to(為了)

      with regard toas well asin addition to

      other thanapart from

      例句: He must store a large quantity of grain instead of consuming all his grain immediately. (選自2000年Cloze Test)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 他必須儲(chǔ)存大量的糧食,而不是馬上將其全部消耗掉。

      例句: Corporations and labor unions have conferred great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public. (1999年第37題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 公司和工會(huì)為公司員工、工會(huì)成員和廣大公眾都帶來(lái)了極大的利益。

      三、介詞短語(yǔ)的用法

      介詞在句中不能獨(dú)立使用,它后面必須接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成介賓短語(yǔ),又稱(chēng)介詞詞組,在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

      (一)定語(yǔ)(后置修飾語(yǔ))

      例句: China?s powerful Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade will be monitoring trade signals from the new Clinton Administration.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 強(qiáng)大的中國(guó)對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與貿(mào)易部將密切注視克林頓新政府的貿(mào)易動(dòng)向。

      例句: At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of features and editorials.

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,在than后面省略了more care goes。

      譯文: 有時(shí),報(bào)紙雜志的廣告創(chuàng)作比特寫(xiě)和社論寫(xiě)作更費(fèi)心。

      (二)表語(yǔ)(用于系動(dòng)詞be, look, remain后)

      例句: Many of the actors and actresses are on location now.

      譯文: 許多男女演員現(xiàn)在正在拍外景。

      例句: In speaking, the choice of words is of the utmost importance.

      譯文: 說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí),選詞是最重要的。

      (三)狀語(yǔ)(修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子,可置于句首、句中、句末)

      例句: In the long run, however, this hurry to shed full time staff may be as harmful to industry as it is to the workforce. (2000年第15題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 但是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,草率地解雇全職員工,既不利于職工,也有害于產(chǎn)業(yè)。

      例句: The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result,radically higher standards of living. (選自2009年Text 3)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,句子主干是The findings of a research institution have shown that...。that workers...of living是have shown的賓語(yǔ),workers是賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)部分是can be trained,radically higher standards of living和radically higher productivity是achieve的并列賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 一家研究機(jī)構(gòu)的研究結(jié)果一致表明,所有國(guó)家的工人都可以在崗位上接受培訓(xùn)以獲得極高的生產(chǎn)率,從而極大地提高生活水平。

      例句: But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. (2010年第47題)

      分析: 句子主干是we have drawn near the point。介詞短語(yǔ)of admitting that...作point的后置定語(yǔ),that...從句作admit的賓語(yǔ)從句,regardless of...作讓步狀語(yǔ)。其中draw near意為“接近,靠近”;intrinsic right意為天生的(固有的)權(quán)利;economic advantage意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)”。

      譯文: 但是,我們至少已經(jīng)承認(rèn)了這樣一種觀點(diǎn): 不管鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)對(duì)我們是否有經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,生存都是它們固有的權(quán)利。

      (四)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

      例句: A really powerful speaker can work up the feelings of the audience to the fever of excitement.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,介詞短語(yǔ)to the fever of excitement作賓語(yǔ)the feelings的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 一個(gè)真正有感召力的演講者能激起聽(tīng)眾的激情。

      例句: Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of pre school and first grade. (1996年第4題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句的主動(dòng)形式為people made observations of the children...。短語(yǔ)make observations of意為“觀察、記錄某人某事”。

      譯文: 觀察報(bào)告開(kāi)頭是關(guān)于兒童的問(wèn)題,結(jié)尾是關(guān)于學(xué)齡前兒童和小學(xué)一年級(jí)學(xué)生的問(wèn)題。

      四、考研常用介詞的基本用法

      (一)in

      1. 表示較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間,如年、季節(jié)、月、周等。

      in 2007

      in five months

      in the second year

      2. 表示在……內(nèi)或較大的地方。

      in the city

      in the classroom

      3. 表示再過(guò)若干時(shí)間,僅用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。

      in three days (三天后)

      4. 表示用……,以……。

      speak in Chinese (用漢語(yǔ)說(shuō))

      write in red (用紅墨水寫(xiě))

      5. 表示衣著特征。

      be in red (穿著紅衣服)

      be in one?s sixties (在某人60多歲的時(shí)候)

      6. 在……方面。

      in ethics

      in spelling

      7. 表示具體的環(huán)境、情況等。

      to go out in the wind

      8. 表方向(朝)。

      in all directions

      (二)at

      1. (表時(shí)間、年齡等)在,當(dāng)。

      at day break, at the age of eight

      2. (表地點(diǎn)、位置、場(chǎng)合)在,于。

      at the railway station

      at the opening ceremony

      at 89 Jitai Road

      3. (表示速度、價(jià)格、比率等)以。

      at the full speed

      at a lower price

      at the rate of 125 miles an hour

      4. (表示目標(biāo)、方向等)對(duì),向。

      rush at

      aim at

      5. 指離某事物的距離。

      a bus at fifty meters

      6. 表活動(dòng)情況,狀態(tài)。

      at war

      (三)by

      1. 靠近某人(物)。

      by the lake

      sit by me

      2. 不遲于,到……為止。

      by next week

      3. 按照(某事物),根據(jù)。

      by one?s watch

      4. 沿……,通過(guò)。

      by the rear door

      by the nearest road

      5. (用于被動(dòng)式)被……,受……,因……。

      be seen to by the nurse

      6. 表運(yùn)輸或取道的方式。

      by air/land/bus

      (四)on

      1. 在……日期(表示具體的某天或某天的上、下午)。

      on Monday

      on the first of October

      2. 在……上(與物體接觸)。

      on the desk

      3. 論述,關(guān)于。

      on friendship

      a lecture on CET 4

      4. 一……就(表示前后緊接的時(shí)間關(guān)系)。

      on hearing the bad news...

      5. 通過(guò),以……方式。

      on the radio

      broadcast on the TV

      6. 正在……,處于……狀態(tài)。

      on strike

      on business出差

      7. 朝,向。

      smile on sb. (對(duì)……贊許)

      marching on Beijing (向北京出發(fā))

      (五)above

      1. 在……上方,比……高(與below相反)。

      a slogan above the blackboard

      above the horizon

      2. 超過(guò),……以上。

      above the average temperature

      above two tons

      3. ……的能力所不能及。

      above one?s responsibility

      (六)over

      1. 在……上面(表示物體垂直上方,與under相反)。

      be hanging over the desk

      2. 超過(guò),多于。

      over two meters tall

      have advantages over...

      3. 全面,遍及。

      all over the country

      4. 在……期間(表示時(shí)間流逝)。

      over lunch

      5. 因?yàn),關(guān)于。

      a quarrel over money

      6. 跨越,越過(guò)。

      a plane flying over my school

      7. 在……對(duì)面。

      over the river

      over the sea

      8. 控制,支配著。

      to reign over the island

      to win the victory over the enemy

      (七)under

      1. 在……下方(表垂直下方與物體可接觸,也可不接觸,和over相反)。

      under the tree

      under her arm

      2. (數(shù)量、金額、年齡等)低于,少于,在……以下,未滿(mǎn)……的。

      under 35 years of age

      under $60

      3. 在……影響下,由……控制(或管理、經(jīng)營(yíng))。

      under all weather conditions

      under the leadership of Communist Party

      4. 在……中。

      under control

      under discussion

      5. 遭受(重?fù)?dān)、苦難等)。

      under tyranny

      under an operation

      6. 在(責(zé)任、義務(wù)等)范圍內(nèi),受……約束。

      under a vow

      be placed under restraint

      7. 根據(jù)、按照(協(xié)議、法律或制度)。

      under the law

      under the trade agreement

      (八) for

      1. 向,以……為目的地,開(kāi)往,歸于。

      for Edinburgh

      for you

      2. 為了,為求。

      for fame

      for one?s living

      for a walk

      3. 為……用,用于,適于。

      for boys

      for sale

      for nothing

      4. 贊成,有利于。

      for or against the plan

      for the health

      5. 因?yàn),由于?/p>

      be punished for drunken driving

      dance for joy

      6. 代替,代表。

      to act for a person

      B stands for “born”

      7. 在……期間,持續(xù)到。

      for weeks

      for three miles

      8. 作為……代價(jià),與……交換。

      to pay $10 for the picture

      to give blow for blow挨了打而還手(以牙還牙)

      9. 至于,關(guān)于。

      for my part

      be hard up for money

      10.鑒于,就比較而言,就……而論;達(dá)到……數(shù)量。

      be cool for a summer day to draw him for$1,000

      五、考研常見(jiàn)介詞辨析

      (一)as,like

      作介詞時(shí)as強(qiáng)調(diào)同類(lèi)或完全相似,另有“作為,按照”之意,like強(qiáng)調(diào)比較,表示“像……一樣”。

      例句: In the early 1900s in North America, German born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. (選自2009年P(guān)art B)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中known as historical particularism是分詞作后置定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于 which was known as...。

      譯文: 20世紀(jì)早期,在北美,德裔美國(guó)人類(lèi)學(xué)家弗朗茨·博厄斯闡述了一種新的文化理論,被稱(chēng)作“歷史特殊論”。

      例句: Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. (選自2009年Text 4)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,句子主干是there were political leaders like John Winthrop,besides the ninety...after 1629作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況,who came to...1629是修飾ministers的定語(yǔ)從句,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown是John Winthrop的同位語(yǔ),before引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 除了在1629年之后的十年中來(lái)到馬薩諸塞教堂的90余位很有學(xué)問(wèn)的牧師之外,還有像約翰·溫斯羅普這樣的政治領(lǐng)袖。在來(lái)到波士頓之前,他是一名受過(guò)教育的紳士、律師,他還是英國(guó)皇室的官員。

      例句: A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中its tail swinging是一獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨。

      譯文: 一條大魚(yú)在水中緩緩游動(dòng),尾巴像鐘擺一樣來(lái)回晃動(dòng)。

      例句: Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003年第65題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept。定語(yǔ)從句which makes possible...understanding修飾an abstract concept。

      譯文: 因此,人類(lèi)學(xué)關(guān)于“文化”的概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集合”的概念一樣,是一個(gè)使大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識(shí)成為可能的抽象概念。

      (二)despite,in spite of

      兩者意義相似,可互換使用,表示“盡管”,但despite后不能接of。

      例句: Despite/In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。despite/in spite of...在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示讓步;written or adapted...purposes 作material的后置定語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 盡管有各種專(zhuān)門(mén)為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)撰寫(xiě)或改編的閱讀材料,但在閱讀技巧方面還沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)的綜合課程。

      例句: Despite/In spite of much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年第16題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句that are not fully understood修飾elements;介詞短語(yǔ)in the life cycle of the insect在句中作狀語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 盡管做了大量研究,但昆蟲(chóng)的生活周期中仍有某些元素未被人們完全理解。

      (三)except,except for

      兩者都表示“除外”。如果排除之物與所述之物屬于同類(lèi)時(shí),兩者可通用,但如果排除之物與所述之物不屬于同類(lèi)時(shí),則只能用except for。

      例句: Hudson said he would not kill a living thing except for the motive of hunger. (1997年第37題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。

      譯文: 哈德遜說(shuō)除非是餓極了,否則他不會(huì)殺生。

      例句: He saw little evidence of a strategy, except for willingness to listen to protectionist appeals from the automobile.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,介詞短語(yǔ)from the automobile在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾appeals。

      譯文: 他認(rèn)為一項(xiàng)策略只有愿意傾聽(tīng)來(lái)自汽車(chē)行業(yè)的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義者的申訴才能有證據(jù)支持。

      (四)due to, owing to, because of

      它們都表示“由于……”之意。due to+名詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)可作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ);owing to+名詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)只作表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),如果作狀語(yǔ)放在句首時(shí),一般只用owing to引出的介詞短語(yǔ);because of+名詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)通常用作狀語(yǔ),但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是一個(gè)名詞而是一個(gè)事實(shí)時(shí),because of短語(yǔ)也可以用作表語(yǔ)。

      例句: During an earthquake, the great part of damage and loss of life has been due to/ owing to collapse of buildings and effect of rockslides, floods, diseases, and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。rather than后省略了resulting;而resulting from earthquakes作other phenomena的后置定語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 在地震中,大量的損失和人員傷亡都是由于地震引發(fā)的房屋倒塌、滑坡、洪水、疾病和其他一些現(xiàn)象造成的,而不是地震本身所造成的。

      例句: When the work is done, a climate of accident free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (選自1999年Cloze Test)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum為定語(yǔ)從句修飾a climate,過(guò)去分詞lost作time的后置定語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 當(dāng)上述工作圓滿(mǎn)完成時(shí),一個(gè)無(wú)事故的運(yùn)作環(huán)境便建立起來(lái)了。在這里,因人員傷害而損失的時(shí)間被控制到最低水平。

      例句: Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium;it is company. (2001年第20題)

      分析: 該句是并列句,分號(hào)相當(dāng)于轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but。

      譯文: 因?yàn)榕c人們的生活關(guān)系密切,收音機(jī)通常不僅僅是一種傳媒工具,還是一個(gè)伙伴。

      (五)by,till,until

      三者都表示時(shí)間范圍。by表示到某時(shí),某事或動(dòng)作已完成,常與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用;till表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到某時(shí),口語(yǔ)中常用,通常不用于句首;until與till是同義詞,語(yǔ)氣莊重,多用于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。until與till用作介詞時(shí)后接表示時(shí)間的名詞,不能接表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。

      例句: The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, the larger of which could go penniless by next year. (1997年第1題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。the larger of which...是一非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾two trust funds。

      譯文: 社會(huì)退休保障計(jì)劃由兩筆信托基金組成,其中較大的一筆到明年可能會(huì)分文不剩。

      例句: The school authorities did not announce the decision till yesterday afternoon.(或Until yesterday afternoon, the school authorities did not announce the decision. )

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。

      譯文: 校方直到昨天下午才公布了該決定。

      (六)of,about, on

      三者都可譯為“關(guān)于”,但在用法上有區(qū)別。of 一般只表示“提及”某人、某事,不涉及詳情;about表示“論及”某人、某事,涉及詳情;on表示“論及”詳情,比about所涉及的事情更為詳細(xì),多用于較正式的文件,尤其在演說(shuō)或?qū)W術(shù)論文中。

      例句: The logic of scientific development is such that separate groups of men working on the same problem in far scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time. (1998年第16題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that...at the same time是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句;working on the same problem in far scattered laboratories作men的后置定語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 科學(xué)的發(fā)展如此富有邏輯性,以至于人們?cè)跇O為分散的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里研究同一課題,卻有可能在同一時(shí)間得出相同的答案。

      例句: On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007年第47題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為it links these concepts to everyday realities。which后的定語(yǔ)從句修飾a manner,as后的狀語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間。

      譯文: 另一方面,這一學(xué)科把這些概念結(jié)合到日常生活中,這與新聞?dòng)浾呙刻靾?bào)道和評(píng)論新聞時(shí)的做法是相同的。

      例句: Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it?s ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (選自2005年Text 2)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句為voices now come from many quarters,F(xiàn)在分詞insisting作主語(yǔ)voices的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),后接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句;until后是一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

      譯文: 和吸煙的問(wèn)題一樣,四面八方傳來(lái)的聲音堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)說(shuō)法不全面,在不確定之前,向大氣中排放廢氣沒(méi)什么大不了的。

      (七)in,with,of

      在描述人時(shí):in表示衣著;with表示攜帶某物或生理特征或某種品質(zhì);of表示性格特征或年齡。如:be in green/a man of wisdom(a lady of virtue) /a girl of 18/a child with a big head。

      例句: The mayor is a woman with great integrity and therefore deserves our political and financial support. (2000年第35題)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,is和deserves是兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;介詞短語(yǔ)with great integrity修飾a woman。

      譯文: 這位市長(zhǎng)是個(gè)非常正直的女性,因而值得我們?cè)谡紊虾徒?jīng)濟(jì)上給予幫助。

      注意: with和of表示屬性、特征時(shí),of后通常接抽象名詞;with后常接具體名詞。

      六、小品詞短語(yǔ)

      當(dāng)一個(gè)介詞后無(wú)賓語(yǔ)時(shí),它的詞性就轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞,稱(chēng)為小品詞(particle)。試比較:

      We live in the same building.

      Come in,please!

      The soldiers sat around the table.

      He looked around, but to his surprise, he saw his father coming to this way.

      例句: Yet much had happened between. (選自2002年Use of English)

      分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。between為小品詞,意為“(……時(shí)間)之間”。

      譯文: 在此(段時(shí)間)之間發(fā)生了很多事。

      例句: As I?ll be away for at least a year, I?d appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. (2000年第1題)

      分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞appreciate后接動(dòng)名詞hearing和telling作其賓語(yǔ),介詞along后無(wú)賓語(yǔ),所以稱(chēng)為小品詞。從句how everyone is getting along作tell 的間接賓語(yǔ)。

      譯文: 由于我至少有一年的時(shí)間不在這里,如果你能時(shí)常來(lái)信告訴我每個(gè)人的生活情況,我將不勝感激。

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