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突破長(zhǎng)難句障礙,提高閱讀理解能力
側(cè)重考查閱讀理解能力,是高考英語試卷的一大特點(diǎn)。高考英語閱讀文章中往往有許多結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、較難理解的長(zhǎng)難句,這些長(zhǎng)難句是不少考生理解文章的一大障礙,也常常是考題所要考查的對(duì)象。不難理解,命題者在句子難度上做文章,無非就是想增加句子的長(zhǎng)度和使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)來打斷和干擾考生正常的閱讀和思維方式,從而達(dá)到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。這些長(zhǎng)難句,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,信息量大,如果考生缺乏駕馭這類句子的能力,不能正確理順其關(guān)系,就很難準(zhǔn)確理解句意和把握考題所需要的正確信息。因此,作為考生,平時(shí)加大閱讀量的同時(shí),要針對(duì)閱讀文章中的長(zhǎng)難句,學(xué)會(huì)利用句法知識(shí),提高自己分析把握長(zhǎng)難句的能力。一、分清主次,化繁為簡(jiǎn)
最常見的長(zhǎng)難句往往有多重句子修飾成分,用介詞短語、形容詞短語、分詞或分詞短語、不定式、從句等作定語、狀語、主語、補(bǔ)語等。有時(shí)甚至是一個(gè)從句套著另一個(gè)從句,使得考生搞不清整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí),不管一個(gè)句子有多長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜,它只有兩部分構(gòu)成,即句子的主干和修飾成分。因此,找出句子的主干(如:句子的主語、謂語、賓語等),分清句子的附屬成分(如:句子的定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等),理清附屬成分與主干的關(guān)系。這樣,準(zhǔn)確理解這類長(zhǎng)難句就不難了。
例句1:A mere hundred species (物種) are the basisof our food supply, of which but twenty carry the load.Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking intoten thousand species that could be made use of, which willbe a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes ofplants and animals to enlarge farming areas. (2008 全國(guó)卷一 E 篇)
解析:第二句是一個(gè)含有多重修飾成分的長(zhǎng)句,該句的主干是“主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)”。主語:Wilson,謂語:suggests,賓語:changing this situation …。但賓語中有多重修飾成分:介詞短語by looking … 作狀語, 修飾changing thissituation …;which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾changingthis situation …use of;不定式to reduce … animals 作定語,修飾clearing …。根據(jù)該句,文后第74 題:Wilsonsuggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _______ .答案選D(use more species for food)。
例句2:The good news, however, is that federal loansaccount for about three quarters of student borrowing, andthe government says that money will flow uninterrupted.(2011 山東 C 篇)
解析:該句子是并列復(fù)合句。第一個(gè)分句的主干是“主系表結(jié)構(gòu)”——The good news, however, is…。這個(gè)分句中包含一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句。第二個(gè)分句的主干是“主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)”——the government says…。這個(gè)分句中包含一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。根據(jù)該句,文后第70 題:According to thelast paragraph, the government will _________ . 答案選D ( go on providing financial support for collegestudents)。
有時(shí)候,一個(gè)句子包含多個(gè)并列成分,如并列主語、謂語、賓語、定語等。這些并列結(jié)構(gòu)往往有連接詞,在解讀這類句子時(shí),要注意利用連詞和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來判斷并列部分。
例句:After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decidedhe’d better find a way to fight back. He left Canton,Michigan for New York, got a job waiting tables, nicknamedhimself the Diabetic Rockstar, and createddiabeticrockstar. com, a free online community fordiabetics and their loved ones –a place where over 1,000people share personal stories, information and resources.(2010 山東 A 篇)
解析:第二個(gè)句子是含有多個(gè)并列謂語的并列句。該句的主干是:He left …, got …, nicknamed …, and created …。名詞短語:a free online community … and resources 作diabeticrockstar. Com 的同位語;a place where … 進(jìn)一步說明a free online community 是一個(gè)什么地方。根據(jù)該句,文后第57 題: Diabeticrockstar. Com was created for_______ . 答案A (diabetics to communicate)。
二、抓住關(guān)鍵,先主后次
為了補(bǔ)充信息和平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),使語意嚴(yán)密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,文章中還經(jīng)常使用插入語,用破折號(hào)或逗號(hào)把語法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分隔開來,增加了理解的難度。閱讀時(shí),可先將插入語部分跳過,先讀主句,再讀插入語部分。
例句:It was the Hatches’ wish that their legacy—a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents—should enrich the whole community (社區(qū)) and last forgenerations to come.(2009 山東卷 A 篇)
解析:該句中破折號(hào)中間部分為插入語,閱讀時(shí)可先略過不看,首先找出句子的主干,即:It was the Hatches’ wishthat their legacy should enrich …。It 為形式主語,that引導(dǎo)的從句為真正的主語。然后再讀插入部分:a legacy ofkindness as much as one of dollars and cents,對(duì)theirlegacy 起進(jìn)一步說明的作用。通過對(duì)這句話的理解,考生可以確定文后第60 題:What can we learn from the text? 答案D(The Hatches would like the neighbors to follow theirexample)。
三、理清語序,輕形重意
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的意義表達(dá)重心,或是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),有些句子打破了相對(duì)固定的常規(guī)語序,運(yùn)用倒裝句式或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。熟練掌握這類句子的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是準(zhǔn)確理解這類句子的基礎(chǔ)。但把握這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是一方面,更重要的是閱讀時(shí)根據(jù)句型結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確理解句子的意義。
例句1:Had Yeats stopped writing at age 40, he wouldprobably now be valued as a minor poet... (2011 重慶 D篇)
解析:該句是省略了if 的混合虛擬語氣的倒裝句,正常語序?yàn)椋篒f Yeats had stopped writing at age 40, he wouldprobably now be valued as a minor poet...理清了語序,把握句意就容易多了。該句的意思是:假如Yeats 40 歲就停止寫作的話,或許現(xiàn)在只被看作一位無足輕重的詩人了……。根據(jù)該句,文后第69 題:According to the passage, what do weknow about Yeats’s life?答案為C(Yeats began to producehis best works from the 1910s.)。 例句2:Not only have the pubic been able to learn aboutthe LoB, but the virtual one has also enabled those workingon the LoB to understand the building and how it will workbefore it even opens. (2011 四川卷 C 篇)
解析:該句中not only ...but also 引導(dǎo)并列句,not only放在引導(dǎo)的分句的句首,該分句使用了部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。理清了語序后,更重要的是準(zhǔn)確把握句子的意義。該句的意思是:公眾不僅可以了解到圖書館的相關(guān)信息而且虛擬圖書館還讓那些建造圖書館的人在它實(shí)際開放之前理解它的建造和其運(yùn)作方式。根據(jù)該句,文后第50 題:While visiting the Virtual LoB,the public can_____.答案為A(get a general idea of theLoB)。
例句3:The researchers said that among the problemswith some earlier studies is that they often failed to takeinto account that those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and reckless (雀斑) , for example—are more likely to use sunscreen. (2008 福建卷 E 篇)
解析:該句綜合運(yùn)用了從句、倒裝、插入語,句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。該句的主體結(jié)構(gòu)為:The researchers said that …is that they often failed to...,其中第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句,賓語從句中又含有一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),其中主語為thatthey often…的一個(gè)主語從句,表語為among the problemswith…。破折號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容為插入語。根據(jù)該句,文后第72 題:People with fair skin and freckles _____ . 答案為B(aremore in danger of skin cancer)。
四、明確指代,上求下索
在英語中,為了達(dá)到語言簡(jiǎn)練,避免重復(fù),經(jīng)常會(huì)使用代詞來代替上下文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的詞或提到的內(nèi)容。代詞是閱讀過程中的難點(diǎn)之一,高考閱讀理解也常設(shè)置代詞意義判斷題,考查考生利用語境邏輯推斷人稱、指示、關(guān)系代詞意義的能力。在閱讀過程中,考生須根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,正確判斷代詞所代替的具體內(nèi)容,若分析不當(dāng),往往會(huì)造成“張冠李戴”的錯(cuò)誤,也就不能正確理解句意和文義。
英語中常見的代詞有:it, one(ones), that, they, those,the former, the latter 等,其中it 的用法最為復(fù)雜。
例句1:To get rid of alcohol from the body is a veryslow process and it is not possible to speed it up withany measures like taking a shower or having a cup of teaor coffee.(2011 福建卷 A 篇)
文后第57 題:The underlined word “it” in the secondparagraphrefers to “________”.
A. alcohol B. absorption C. blood D. process
解析:根據(jù)“it”所在的句子,清除體內(nèi)酒精的過程是非常慢的,像淋浴和喝茶或咖啡這樣的措施也不可能加快清除過程, 可知it 指代上文中提到的“過程”。所以,答案為D。例句2: Kong Zi, also called Confucius, and Socrateslived only a hundred years apart, and during theirlifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece,but it is interesting to look at how the world that eachof these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas,and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies.(2010江西卷 C 篇)
解析:該句包含了多個(gè)從句,but 連接了兩個(gè)并列句。but分句中的it 為形式主語,真正的主語是后面的不定式福建tolook at how...。不定式中的兩個(gè)how 從句為at 的賓語,第一個(gè)how 從句中又包含了從句that each of these…作the world的定語。根據(jù)該句,文后第64 題:Which of the following isTRUE according to the first paragraph?答案為C(Thesocieties were influenced by the philosophers’ ideas.)。
例句3:It turned out that Easterners focused muchgreater attention on the eyes and made significantly moreerrors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference ineye movements that they show is probably a reflection orcultural difference in facial expression,” Jack said.“Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the wholeface to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more andmouth less.” (2010 湖南卷C 篇)
文后第68 題:What does the underlined word “they”in Paragraph 6 refer to?
解析: 在The cultural difference … in facialexpression 這句話里,movements 后面是that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,完整的從句應(yīng)該是“They show eye movements”,因此they應(yīng)該是指代“參與研究的人”。答案選A(The participants inthe study)。
總之,英語閱讀文章中的長(zhǎng)難句是一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象,準(zhǔn)確把握和理解長(zhǎng)難句是考生應(yīng)掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能。要掌握這項(xiàng)技能,不但要注意詞匯量和基本語法知識(shí)的積累,也要講究方法,通過長(zhǎng)期的積累和不斷的練習(xí),使長(zhǎng)難句不再成為英語閱讀的障礙,從而進(jìn)一步提升自己的閱讀理解能力。
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