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英漢翻譯筆記整理
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一、數(shù)字增減的譯法
1.句式特征:by+名詞+比較級(jí)+than
The wire is by three inches longer than that one.這根導(dǎo)線比那根長(zhǎng)3英寸。
2.句式特征:表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞+to+n.譯為:增加到。。。;驕p少到。。。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金屬切割機(jī)已經(jīng)減少到50臺(tái)。
二、百分?jǐn)?shù)增減的表示法與譯法
1.句式特征:表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞+%
The output value has increased 35%.產(chǎn)值增加了35%
2.句式特征:表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞+by+%
Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售額應(yīng)增加3%
The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本減少60%
3.句式特征:表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+to+%表示減少后剩余的數(shù)量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用這種新工藝,鐵的損失量減少到20%
4.句式特征:%+ 比較級(jí) +than表示凈增減的數(shù)量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售額與去年相比,有望增加9%。
5.句式特征:% + 比較級(jí) + 名詞表示凈減數(shù)
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型機(jī)械能耗量?jī)魷p10%
6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示凈增數(shù)
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.與去年相比,今年鋼產(chǎn)量?jī)粼?0%
7.句式特征:%+ (of) 名詞(代詞)表示凈減數(shù),數(shù)字n照譯
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年產(chǎn)值僅為去年的60%
8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示凈增數(shù)
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年糧食產(chǎn)量比1978年凈增20%。
三、倍數(shù)增加的表示法及譯法
漢語表示“增加了幾倍”時(shí),英語的倍數(shù)表示倍數(shù)需減一,譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示凈增加數(shù)。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來的n倍”,則照譯不誤。
1.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+n times“表示成倍地增長(zhǎng),譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注:1倍 once; 2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)
2.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+by+ n times,該句式與上述相同
3.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,譯成”增加了n-1倍“
4.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+by a factor of + n times
5.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+比較級(jí)+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后達(dá)到的倍數(shù),譯成”比。。。。。。大(長(zhǎng)、寬。。。)N-1倍“
6.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+ n times+比較級(jí)+than。。。。。
7.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+ n times +adj./adv. +as....
8.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+a + n times(或n-fold) +increase.......表示增加到N倍,譯成”增加了N-1倍“
9.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大(長(zhǎng)、寬。。。。倍)“
例子: Line A is as long again as line B. A線比B線長(zhǎng)1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這臺(tái)機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)比那臺(tái)機(jī)器快半倍。
10.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大(長(zhǎng)、寬。。。。半倍)“
11. 句式特點(diǎn):用double表示倍數(shù),譯成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“
12.句式特點(diǎn):用treble表示倍數(shù)增加,譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“
13.句式特點(diǎn):用quadruple表示倍數(shù)增加,譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
四、倍數(shù)減少的表示方法
倍數(shù)減少在英譯時(shí),需把倍數(shù)換算成分?jǐn)?shù)。成幾倍減少,可以改譯成”減少到1/N“或減少了”N-1/N“。而減少了N倍,可改譯成”減少到1/N+1“或”減少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的長(zhǎng)度縮短了十分之九。
2.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+by+N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The bandwith was reduced by two times.帶寬減少了二分之一。
3.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+by a factor of + N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
4.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.與舊式機(jī)器比,主要特點(diǎn)是重量減少了四分之三。
5.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+N times+as + adj./adv. .....譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
6.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+N times+ 比較級(jí)+ than表示減少了N倍,譯成”減少到1/N+1”或“減少了1/N+1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.這個(gè)塑料容器比那個(gè)玻璃容器輕六分之五。
五、英語倍數(shù)句型及其譯法
英語表示倍數(shù)增減或倍數(shù)對(duì)比的句型多種多樣,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 見圈碼)很容易譯錯(cuò)——其主要原因在于:英漢兩語在
表述或?qū)Ρ缺稊?shù)方面存在著語言與思維差異,F(xiàn)將常 用的英語倍數(shù)句型及其正確譯法歸納如下:
倍數(shù)增加
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①)
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②)
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③)
以上三句都應(yīng)譯為;A的大小(長(zhǎng)度,數(shù)量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(長(zhǎng),多,……)n-1倍].
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three
times the length of )that one.
這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍(即長(zhǎng)兩倍)。
注:當(dāng)相比的對(duì)象B很明顯時(shí),than(as,of)B常被省去。
(二)increase to n times(④)
increase n times/n-fold(⑤)
increase by n times(⑥)
increase by a factor of n(⑦)
以上四式均應(yīng)譯為:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times
as compared with last year.
集成電路的產(chǎn)量比去年增加了兩倍。
Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against
l986.
化肥產(chǎn)量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
漏電壓增加了3借(即增加到原來的4倍)。
注:在這類句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等詞所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧)
應(yīng)譯為:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。這個(gè)句型還有其它一些形式:
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
據(jù)報(bào)道,價(jià)值破記錄地增長(zhǎng)了3倍。
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.
這些機(jī)器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數(shù)詞來比較倍數(shù)的方法,如:
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as
B.(⑩)
應(yīng)譯為:A比B多(大,長(zhǎng),……)1倍。
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B.
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11)
應(yīng)譯為:A比B多(大,長(zhǎng)……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。
六、倍數(shù)減少
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12)
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13)
以上兩句均應(yīng)譯為:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(輕,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.
氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子約輕15/16)。
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半(即是普通紙厚度的1/2)。
注:當(dāng)相比的對(duì)象B很明顯時(shí),than/as B常被省去。
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14)
decrease by n times(15)
decrease by a factor of n(16)
以上三式均譯為:減少到1/n[或:減少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等詞替代。
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶體管的開關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了1/3(即縮短到2/3)。
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current
is stepped down by ten times.
電壓升高9倍,電流強(qiáng)度便降低9/10(即90%)。
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.
該設(shè)備誤差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…
應(yīng)譯為:減至1/n [或:減少(n一1)/n]。(17)
這個(gè)句型還有其它一些形式,
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.
發(fā)現(xiàn)迅速減少到1/7。
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in
weight.
這些產(chǎn)品的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是重量減輕了1/2。
從上列倍數(shù)增減句型及其譯法中不難看出:與漢語不 同的是,英語在表述或比較倍數(shù)時(shí),無論使用什么句 型(除了不含倍數(shù)詞的again句型外)都包括基礎(chǔ)倍
數(shù)在內(nèi),因此都不是凈增或凈減n倍,而是凈增或 凈減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數(shù)增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍數(shù)比差=句型12,且decrease(by)
3 times應(yīng)譯為“減少2/3”,而不是“減少3/4”。
七、動(dòng)詞的使動(dòng)用法
動(dòng)詞是英語中詞類中最為活躍的成分,至今對(duì)于動(dòng)詞的使用我一直是膽戰(zhàn)心驚的,現(xiàn)介紹一些使動(dòng)用法共勉。
1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地帶馬上山。
2.The ran the ship aground.他們把船開到灘上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他們使馬泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下來好讓疲憊的腿休息一下。
5.They rode out the storm.他們安然渡過風(fēng)暴
其實(shí),研究動(dòng)詞個(gè)人認(rèn)為,要把握后面有無賓語;賓語是人還是物;是什么樣的賓語。歡迎網(wǎng)友探討,動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)研討方法。
八、同系賓語
1. I dreamed a strange dream.
2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.
3.I have fought a good fight.
(一)在同系賓語上附有修飾形容詞時(shí),通?蓳Q成態(tài)度副詞。
live a long life = live long;
live a happy life = live happily;
die a national death = die nationally;
die a violent death = die by violence
(二)有的賓語與動(dòng)詞不同語源,但意義相通,也可以視為同類。
run a race; run a course; run one's career;
fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;
ring a peal; wreak one's vengeance
(三)以it構(gòu)成的類型:
I am determined to fight it out。我決心奮斗到底。
He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我們不得不冒雨而行。
Can't you swim it?你游不過去嗎?
(四)在某些熟語中可將同系賓語省略,如look thanks = look a look of thanks
He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中現(xiàn)出言語無法表達(dá)的感謝。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短劍相刺的目光望著我,走出了房間。
(五)最高級(jí)形容詞后,可以省略同系賓語。
The lady was looking her best(look).
She sang her sweest(song) to please him.
九、 詞組
1.all+抽象名詞/抽象名詞+itself = very + adj.
He was all gentleness to her.他對(duì)她非常溫存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)輩,他極為謙遜。
分析:該結(jié)構(gòu)原來是表示某種性質(zhì)達(dá)到極點(diǎn)的一種說法,有“非常”、“盡管”、“一味”、“盡”的含義,有時(shí)甚至可以譯為“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具體化”。普通復(fù)數(shù)名詞用于“all”之后,也是表達(dá)這種概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。
She is all eyes.她盯著看。
I am all anxiety.我真擔(dān)心。
He is all attention.他全神貫注地聽著。
2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) of
Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲學(xué)家風(fēng)范。
Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吳先生全無音樂家的風(fēng)味。
Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陸先生大有詩人氣派。
Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.劉先生幾無學(xué)者風(fēng)度。
分析:此為表示“程度”的形容詞短語,有時(shí)可以當(dāng)作副詞翻譯。
Something of =to some extent(某程度),在問句和條件句中則用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing of譯作“全無、毫無”。
相類似的情況:
to be something of = to have something of + 名詞+in +代名詞
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫無演說家的才能。
這類名詞的用法,可以處理為副詞。
He has seen something of life.他略具閱歷。他稍閱世。
Something of 與something like區(qū)別:程度上有差異。
something like = something approximateing in character or amount指數(shù)量或性質(zhì)略同的事物,又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解釋。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。
It shaped something like a cigar.其形狀略似雪茄
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