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英語省略句的用法和種類
省略句用在哪里才合適?有幾種省略句?下面是小編收集整理的英語省略句的用法和種類,歡迎參考!
一、并列復合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如:
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪麗一直在寫作業(yè)。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復合句中的省略
1.狀語從句中的省略
一般說來省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語從句中:1)由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導的時間狀語從句;2)由whether ,if , unless 等引導的條件狀語從句;3)由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導的讓步狀語從句;4)由 as ,than 等引導的比較狀語從句;5)由as, as if , as though 等引導的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時應(yīng)遵循下面原則:
1) 當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時,可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):(1) 連詞(as, as if , once)+ 名詞; (2) 連詞( though, whether , when)+形容詞;(3) 連詞(whether, as if ,while )+介詞短語;(4) 連詞(when , while , though )+ 現(xiàn)在分詞; (5) 連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 過去分詞; (6) 連詞(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如:
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .龐龍曾經(jīng)是個工 人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學習,要不然你會后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .這次展覽比被預料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。
注意:
1) 當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時,間或也有這樣的省略,如:
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.當她過馬路時父親告訴她要當心。
2) 當從句的主語是 it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時,可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2.定語從句中的省略
1) 一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如:
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎?(2002上海春季)
而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較:
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 湯姆病倒了,你昨天見到他了。
2)在口語和非正式用語中,關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來代替,甚至還可省略。如:
a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
3)當先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時 ,從句不能用 how 來引導 ,應(yīng)該用that 或 in which ,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷。如?/p>
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3.賓語從句中的省略
1)在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that 一般可以省略;但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句 ,那么只有第一個that可以省略。如:
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我認為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order
2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導的 賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4.在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語氣形式“should +動詞原形”,should可以省略。如:
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法國總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續(xù)。
5.主句省略多用于句首。如:
(It is a ) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾,我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。
6.在答語中,主句可全部省略。如:
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你為什么沒有上學? —因為我媽媽病了。
三、簡單句中的省略
1.省略主語
1)祈使句中的主語通常被省略 如:
(You) Open the door, please. 請開一下門。
2) 其它省略主語多限于現(xiàn)成的說法 如:
a) (I) Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。
b) (It)Doesn't matter.沒關(guān)系。
2.省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分 如:
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽煙
b) (Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ?
c) (You come)This way please.請這邊走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ?
3.省略賓語 如:
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你認識李先生嗎?— I don't know (him.) 我不認識他
4.省略表語 如:
—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎? Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5.同時省略幾個成分 如:
a) —Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎 ?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好運/祝你順利。
四、動詞不定式省略,只保留to 的場合
1.不定式作某些動詞的賓語時,這些動詞常見的有:love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如:
a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她!冶敬蛩氵@么做,但當我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了。(2000上海春)
b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做,你可以這么做。
2.不定式作某些動詞的賓語補足語或主語補足語時,這些動詞常見的有:ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 :
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上騎他的自行車,但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to (come). 她想來,可是她父母不讓。
3.不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時,常見的形容詞有:happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如:
— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat). —我要出差,你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎?—沒關(guān)系,我很愿意。
4.不定式作某些復合謂語時,常見結(jié)構(gòu)如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如:
He doesn't like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚,但過去喜歡。
五、動詞不定式to 的省略
1.主語部分有to do ,系動詞 is 或 was 時 ,作表語的不定式通常省去to。如:
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
2.作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語,前面又有實意動詞 do時,不定式通常省去to. 如:
3.主語部分暗含to do,表語中的不定式通常省去to。如:
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要(做)的就是上學,努力學習。
4.當兩個或多個不定式并列時,其后的不定式符號可以省略,但有對比關(guān)系時不可省略。如:
It is easier to say than to do . 說起來容易,做起來難。
5.在would rather…than… 等結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號常常要省略. 如:
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
6.在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to;why (not) do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如:
a) I saw her enter the room. 我看見她進入了房間
b) Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢?
六.其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)
1.名詞所有格修飾的名詞,若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時,常常可以省略。如:
We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我們在瑪麗家過的周末。
2.What和 how引導的感嘆句中,?墒÷灾髡Z it 和be動詞 如:
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被當作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
省略句閱讀技巧
在英語的行文中,大家常常被其中的詞的省略造成的麻煩所困擾。其實這種困擾主要出自我們對其英文行文表達習慣和修辭手法的不了解。一般說來,英語文中的省略需遵守兩個原則:一是這個詞可有可無,或者是多余的,總之就是少了它之后不會改變原文的意思,二是省略的詞義已經(jīng)在上下文中得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。這里舉個簡單的例子讓大家,先吃個開胃餐:
Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.這句話的中文意思是獨自旅行的人,要是餓了、受傷了或者生病了,除了最近的小木屋或居民點,常常無處求援。這個句子在if后面省略了he is,這是因為在時間,地點,條件,讓步,方式狀語從句中,如果從句的主語與主句的主語相同(或為it),而從句的謂語又含有be(包括聯(lián)系動詞be和助動詞be),則可把主語+be省略掉。但要注意有一類句子和省略句有相似的地方,如:You must get out of the city, and that quickly.(你得出城,而且得快.)這樣的句子并不是省略句,因為后一句中有that代表了要表示的意思。
He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believe it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.
句子解析:在這句子由and連接的兩部分構(gòu)成,第一部分中although引導的其讓步作用的狀語從句將believes與其賓語部分分割開來,believe后面的賓語部分包括三個that引導的從句,和后面and前的部分,需要注意的是這里用了the more…the more…的結(jié)構(gòu),其中第二個the more子句中,arrived at省略了have been,而第三個the more子句中包含了一個由which引導的定語從句。
句子翻譯:他相信,盡管他或許不知道自己相信,驗證范圍越廣泛,試驗做得越多且得出的結(jié)果相同,而且得出同一結(jié)果的條件越是多樣化,則最終的結(jié)論就越肯定無疑,他再也不對這個問題提出質(zhì)疑了。
What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed, and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology, or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world.
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