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英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是針對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行研究后,系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)歸納出來(lái)的一系列語(yǔ)言規(guī)則。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的精髓在于掌握語(yǔ)言的使用。下面是小編整理的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
1. that引導(dǎo)
That he is still alive is a wonder. 他還活著,真是奇跡。
That we shall be late is certain. 我們要晚了,這是確定無(wú)疑的。
That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽視工人階級(jí)是很自然的。
That she is still alive is a consolation. 她還活著是使人感到寬慰的。
That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence. 她成為畫(huà)家可能是受她父親的影響。
That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你將來(lái)倫敦是好久以來(lái)我聽(tīng)到的最好消息。
That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 她被挑選上,在她村 子里引起很大轟動(dòng)。
2. whether引導(dǎo)
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否對(duì)我們有害還要看一看。
Whether they would support us was a problem. 他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
3. 連接代詞引導(dǎo)
Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 兩強(qiáng)相爭(zhēng)勇者勝。
擴(kuò)展:
主語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句區(qū)別
主語(yǔ)從句
即在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子,例如"That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all",他在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)寫(xiě)完作文讓我們都很驚訝,此復(fù)合句主要描述的是某事讓我們驚訝,某事就是該復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ),因此“That he finished writing the composition in such a short time”便是該復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ)從句。
引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有:
從屬連詞:that whether
連接代詞:who whoever whom whose what whatever which whichever
連接副詞:when where how why
定義:在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子叫做主語(yǔ)從句。
主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響和限制
。1)That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
。2)Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
。3)Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
。4)Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
。5)What caused the accident remains unknown.
。6)Whatever you did is right.
。7)Whom the watch belongs to is unknown.
。8)What we need is time.
。9)What we need are good doctors.
名詞性從句的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)則:
1)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用任何需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
I wonder what he is doing now.
Do you know when and where he was born?
I'll write to tell him where I 'll meet him.
2)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般需用過(guò)去時(shí)。
。1)從句與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
I thought that he studied hard.
He told me his son was watching TV.
(2)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后,從句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
He said he would spend his holidays in Qingdao.
。3)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
They told me they had waited for me half an hour.
。4)從句如果有表示過(guò)去某一具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),仍用過(guò)去時(shí)。
She told me her brother died in 1945.
3)客觀的條件,從句時(shí)態(tài)不受絲毫影響。
(1)從句說(shuō)明的是不受時(shí)間限制的事實(shí)或真理(客觀真理)。
The teacher told us that the earth turns from west to east.
He said Asia is the largest continent.
It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.
(2)當(dāng)從句表示的是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的時(shí)態(tài)不變。
She told me that she gets up at six o'clock every morning.
He asked me when the train usually starts.
(3)當(dāng)從句是用來(lái)表達(dá)解釋科技內(nèi)容時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。
(4)當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)時(shí),或者表示現(xiàn)在仍在的狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。
He said that the workers in that factory are trying to fulfill the task in time.
She told me the other day that she is only 10.
。5)當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作狀態(tài)還未發(fā)生,要用一般式表示。強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系。
He said he will wait for me this evening.
小結(jié):
。1)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等
。2)連詞位于句首不能省略
。3)主語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)情況下視為第三人稱單數(shù),但也有例外;
注意:當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂一致問(wèn)題極為復(fù)雜。著名學(xué)者周海中教授在論文《關(guān)于what-分句作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題》中就這一問(wèn)題做了深入研究,并給出了10種的主謂一致關(guān)系。這些一致關(guān)系值得英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者和使用者特別注意。
定語(yǔ)從句
一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句跟在一名詞或代詞后(先行詞)進(jìn)行修飾限定,就叫做定語(yǔ)從句。在主句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句不同于單詞作定語(yǔ)的情況,它通常只能放在被修飾的詞(即先行詞)之后。
定語(yǔ) 從句由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞)引導(dǎo),關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞位于定語(yǔ)從句句首。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ) 從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom,that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如:
A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未 有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語(yǔ))
The packagewhich / thatyou are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作賓語(yǔ))
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
1)when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例 如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從 句,在非正式文體中that常被省略(正式文體中不可省略),例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住過(guò)的地方。
判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須要 求用關(guān)系代詞。例如:
(錯(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
。ㄥe(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
。▽(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
。▽(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系 副詞.先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系代詞;先行詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選 擇關(guān)系副詞。
例如:(對(duì))Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
。▽(duì))Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
從句結(jié)構(gòu)
定語(yǔ)從句公式
定語(yǔ)從句=先行詞+關(guān)系詞+從句
先行詞
指被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞或句子。
一般先行詞出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句的前面。
關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用:
、龠B接作用,連接主句和定語(yǔ)從句。
、谥复刃性~。
、墼诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。
注:關(guān)系代詞有主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)之分。一般who做主語(yǔ)或其賓格形式的whom做賓語(yǔ)(whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略),whose作為定語(yǔ)(whose不可省略)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)等,關(guān)系副詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(where),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(when),原因狀語(yǔ)(why)。
定語(yǔ)用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞,是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞表示的)漢語(yǔ)中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任,此外,名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、分詞、副詞、不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)也可以來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)、從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ)。
被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞。如“the girl”,“the book”
如:She is the girl who likes singing. 她就是那個(gè)喜歡唱歌的女孩。
這就是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
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