初中英語詞匯復習

　　一、容易混淆的動詞：

　　[考試說明] 了解及物動詞和不及物動詞用法；掌握動詞不定式作賓語、賓語補足語、狀語以及疑問詞連用構(gòu)成不定式短語的基本用法；理解動詞不定式作主語和定語的用法；初步掌握延續(xù)性動詞和瞬間動詞在用法上的區(qū)別等。

　　1. come & be here

　　[誤] He has come here for three hours.

　　[正] He came here three hours ago.

　　[正] He has been here for three hours.

　　come是瞬間動詞，不是延續(xù)性動詞，在肯定句中不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。而要與表示一段時間的狀語連用，就要用延續(xù)動詞。

　　與此同類的還有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.

　　2. cost & take & spend & pay

　　[誤] I cost a lot of time to read stories.

　　[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.

　　[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.

　　cost除了錢的花費以外，還能表示時間上的花費，但常用物做主語。spend句子主語是人，可指花費時間和金錢，但后面的動詞要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名詞短語，介詞用on。pay句子主語是人，常與for連用，buy也常與for連用，但花費“錢”要放在介詞for后面，而pay則放在介詞for前面。

　　3. join & take part in

　　[誤] He joined the League for two years.

　　[正] He joined the League two years ago.

　　[正] He has been in the League for two years.

　　[正] He has been a League member for two years.

　　join指“參加”組織，成為一個成員，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指參加活動特別是大的運動；如指“參加…多長時間”就要用延續(xù)動詞be in或be a …member，而不能用join。

　　4. borrow & lend & keep

　　[誤] She has lent me the book for a week.

　　[正] She lent me the book a week ago.

　　[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.

　　borrow和lend是短暫性動詞，在肯定句里不和表示一段時間的狀語連用，keep延續(xù)動詞，可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。

　　borrow意思是“借(進)”，后面跟介詞from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介詞to，lend也可用于某些成語中，如lend sb. a hand。

　　5. lie & lay & lain

　　[誤] She laid down the book and laid in bed.

　　[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.

　　lie有兩個意思，一個是“說謊”，過去式和過去分詞是在詞尾加-d；另一個是“躺，臥；位于”，是不規(guī)則動詞，其過去式和過去分詞是lay、lain，現(xiàn)在分詞是lying。

　　lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其過去式和過去分詞是laid、laid。

　　6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of

　　[誤] The table is made from wood.

　　[正] The table is made of wood.

　　be made in意思是“由……生產(chǎn)”，強調(diào)產(chǎn)地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，強調(diào)從成品上能看出原料，制成物沒改變原料的本質(zhì)；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，強調(diào)從制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改變原料的本質(zhì)；be made up of意思是“由……構(gòu)成或組成”，指人或物都可，指結(jié)構(gòu)成分。

　　7. stop to do & stop doing

　　[誤] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.

　　[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.

　　[誤] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.

　　[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.

　　stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(開始)去做(別的某事)”，帶to的不定式在句子中作目的狀語；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，帶-ing形式的動名詞在句子中作賓語。

　　二、容易混淆的名詞：

　　[考試說明] 了解名詞在句中所充當?shù)某煞�，理解并能區(qū)別所學的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞；熟練掌握所學可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成，在口語和書面語的表達中正確運用；掌握物質(zhì)名詞及其數(shù)量的表達方法；了解專有名詞的概念及一般用法；熟練掌握所學名詞所有格的用法；了解集合名詞和抽象名詞的概念及一般用法。

　　1. job & work

　　[誤] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.

　　[正] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.

　　job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、應做的具體的某種工作，實際含義是“職業(yè)”，而work通常指抽象意義上的工作，是不可數(shù)名詞，也可指“工作場所”。

　　2. by train & change trains

　　[誤] We came here by the train.

　　[正] We came here by train.

　　[正] We came here on/in the train.

　　[誤] We have to change the train at the next station.

　　[正] We have to change trains at the next station.

　　train意思是“火車”，表示“乘火車”，用by train或on/ the train，表示“換火車”，train必須用復數(shù)形式，且前面不加限定詞。

　　三、容易混淆的形容詞：

　　[考試說明] 熟練掌握形容詞作定語、表語及賓語補足語的用法；熟練掌握表示時間、地點、方式、程度、原因等疑問副詞的用法；熟練掌握形容詞、副詞比較等級的構(gòu)成和good、well、many、much等不規(guī)則變化；掌握little、far、ill、bad、badly等不規(guī)則變化；能熟練運用下列句型表示兩者(人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較；初步掌握用much、little等副詞在用法上的區(qū)別。

　　1. any & some

　　[誤] Have you got some money with you?

　　[正] Have you got any money with you?

　　[誤] Would you like any milk?

　　[正] Would you like some milk?

　　any和some意思是“一些”，用作定語，可修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。any多用于否定句和疑問句，some多用于肯定句。

　　但如果說話人表示“請求，提議”或“希望得到肯定回答”的意義時，some也可用在疑問句中；some還可用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示未知或說話人不想特別說明的人、地、物等，意思是“某一，某個”。

　　如果表示“任何，無論哪個”時，any可用在肯定句中。

　　2. either & each & both & neither & every

　　[誤] There are many flowers on either side of the street.

　　[誤] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.

　　[誤] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.

　　[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street.

　　[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street.

　　[誤] Every student has not finished their homework.

　　[正] No student has finished their homework.

　　either意思是“兩者之一的”，each意思是“任意一個的”，neither意思是“兩者都不的”，every強調(diào)整體，意思是“個個”。

　　3. few/little & a few /a little

　　[誤] Sorry, I have few money on me.

　　[正] Sorry, I have little money on me.

　　[誤] Her books are few.

　　[正] She has few books.

　　[誤] The work needs a few number of workers.

　　[正] The work needs a small number of workers.

　　[正] The work needs a few workers.

　　few后跟可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，little后跟不可數(shù)名詞，都表示“幾乎沒有”的否定性意思；a few和a little區(qū)別也在于前者跟可數(shù)名詞，后者跟不可數(shù)名詞，都表示“有幾個”的肯定性意思。

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