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英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的修辭知識(shí)歸納
學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的修辭
修辭手段一般主要用于文學(xué)性寫(xiě)作中。但在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)的英文寫(xiě)作中有時(shí)也需要運(yùn)用一定的具有英文特征的修辭手段，而且運(yùn)用得好，會(huì)使語(yǔ)句生動(dòng)從而增添語(yǔ)句亮點(diǎn)。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辭手段對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)句亮點(diǎn)也是非常必要的。對(duì)于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作來(lái)說(shuō)，主要應(yīng)該掌握以下修辭手段，又稱語(yǔ)句辭格，包括結(jié)構(gòu)辭格與語(yǔ)義辭格。對(duì)比、排比、重復(fù)、倒裝等為結(jié)構(gòu)辭格，轉(zhuǎn)義、雙關(guān)、矛盾等則為語(yǔ)義辭格。
1、對(duì)比
正反對(duì)比就是要巧妙地運(yùn)用對(duì)稱的英文句式來(lái)表達(dá)互為補(bǔ)充的意思，因此恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用反義詞語(yǔ)往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容具有這種情況，就應(yīng)盡力選用這種對(duì)稱的句式并選用適當(dāng)?shù)姆戳x詞語(yǔ)來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句，實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)句的亮點(diǎn)。
1）如“很多人很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們?cè)谖镔|(zhì)上是富裕了，精神上卻很貧乏”，可以這樣達(dá)：
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.
(注：句中rich in 與 ragged in, goods 與 spirit 具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。）
2）如“利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.
(注：句中 the advantages 與 the disadvantages 具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。）
3）如“他們注意到了這些說(shuō)法中的一些道理，但他們卻忽視了一個(gè)重要的事實(shí)”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements, but have ignored a more important fact.
(注：句中have noticed 與 have ignored, a grain of truth in the statements 與 a more important fact 具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果。)
4）如“這樣做既有積極效果也有消極效果”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.
(注：句中negative 與positive具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果)
5）如“我們既有與我們很為相似的朋友，又有與我們很為不同的朋友”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.
(注： 句中similar to 與 different from具有正反對(duì)比的關(guān)系和效果)
2、排比
英文中有時(shí)也使用排比句式，這種句式整齊而有氣勢(shì)，又不會(huì)使人感到單調(diào)。例如，如“讀書(shū)使我們聰明，鍛煉使我們強(qiáng)健”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
3、重復(fù)
英文一般講求簡(jiǎn)潔，因此為表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)偶爾使用重復(fù)可以使語(yǔ)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容得到突出。英文的重復(fù)又根據(jù)被重復(fù)詞語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)句中的位置分為句首重復(fù)、句尾重復(fù)、首尾重復(fù)、尾首重復(fù)等。
1)如“現(xiàn)在是忘掉過(guò)去一切的時(shí)候了�，F(xiàn)在是言歸正傳的時(shí)候了�，F(xiàn)在是為未來(lái)而奮斗的時(shí)候了”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.
�。ㄗⅲ捍司錇榫涫字貜�(fù)，重復(fù)部分為句首的now it the time to )
2)如“我們渴望成功，而且正在為成功而努力工作”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.
(注：此句為句尾重復(fù)，重復(fù)的部分為句尾的for success.)
3)如“我相信我們能夠成功，我相信我們也一定會(huì)成功”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
I am convinced that we can succeed, and Iam convinced that we must succeed.
(注：and 所連接的兩個(gè)語(yǔ)句的句首與句尾部分同時(shí)重復(fù)，重復(fù)的部分為句首的 I am convinced that與句尾的succeed)
4)如“我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個(gè)新的時(shí)代，而一個(gè)改革充滿著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與機(jī)遇”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
We are now living in a new era, and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.
(注：and 之前的句尾與and之后的句首重復(fù)，重復(fù)部分為a new era.)
4、倒裝
這里說(shuō)的倒裝不同于前述非修辭性的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝。非修辭性的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是語(yǔ)句的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所限定的，沒(méi)有自由選擇的余地，只要運(yùn)用需要倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的句型就要采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這里所說(shuō)的倒裝是指修辭性語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝，是進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)的一種手段，它利用了語(yǔ)句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如，如“充滿著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與機(jī)遇的改革的新時(shí)代正向我們走來(lái)”，可以這樣表達(dá)：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5、轉(zhuǎn)義
轉(zhuǎn)義是一種對(duì)詞語(yǔ)靈活運(yùn)用的修辭手段，主要有比喻、擬人、夸張、反語(yǔ)、婉轉(zhuǎn)等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、換喻、提喻等。
1)如要表達(dá)“過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷就像圖片一樣總是在腦海中縈繞”，英文可為：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.
(注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特點(diǎn)是使用了like一詞)
2)如要表達(dá)“我們的英語(yǔ)老師就是我們最好的英語(yǔ)辭典”，英文可為：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.
(注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特點(diǎn)是利用事物之間的相似之處進(jìn)行比喻，與明喻不同之處在于不使用like一詞)
3)如要表達(dá)“我正在讀莎土比亞的書(shū)呢”，英文可為：
I am reading Shakespeare.
(注：此句采用換喻，換喻的特點(diǎn)是直接借用一事物的名稱宋代替另一事物的名稱，使用通過(guò)聯(lián)想理解其含義，但不是所有的事物都是可以用換喻來(lái)表達(dá)的)
4)如要表達(dá)“這里需要一個(gè)幫手”，英文可為：
A hand is needed here.
(注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特點(diǎn)是用一個(gè)事物的部分來(lái)代表事物的整體或用一個(gè)事物的整體來(lái)代表事物的部分。這里用hand一詞代表整個(gè)人)
5)如要表達(dá)“巨大的不幸籠罩著整個(gè)城市”，英文可為：
A great misfortune crept over the whole city.
(注：此句采用擬人。擬人的特點(diǎn)是將事物人格化)
6)如要表達(dá)“這種想法可真是偉大的愚蠢”，英文可為：
This is really a great stupid idea.
(注：此句采用反語(yǔ)。反語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)是故意將話反說(shuō)，具有諷刺意味)
7)如要表達(dá)“我太渴望成功了。聽(tīng)到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可為：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I
went mad with joy.
(注：此句采用夸張�？鋸埖奶攸c(diǎn)是為表現(xiàn)事物的特征故意夸大其詞)
英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作必背200句
According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,每年有4,000,000人死于與吸煙相關(guān)的疾病.
The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的調(diào)查顯示相當(dāng)多的孩子對(duì)家庭作業(yè)沒(méi)什么好感.
No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
沒(méi)有一項(xiàng)發(fā)明象互聯(lián)網(wǎng)同時(shí)受到如此多的贊揚(yáng)和批評(píng).
People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人們似乎忽視了教育不應(yīng)該隨著畢業(yè)而結(jié)束這一事實(shí).
Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.
許多專(zhuān)家指出體育鍛煉直接有助于身體健康.
Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin.Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
當(dāng)前,一提到即將開(kāi)始的學(xué)校生活,許多學(xué)生都會(huì)興高采烈.然而,對(duì)多數(shù)年輕人來(lái)說(shuō),校園剛開(kāi)始的日子并不是什么愉快的經(jīng)歷.
In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考慮到問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性,在事態(tài)進(jìn)一步惡化之前,必須采取有效的措施.
Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
應(yīng)該采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┫拗仆鈬?guó)旅游者的數(shù)量,努力保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境和歷史不受?chē)?guó)際旅游業(yè)的不利影響.
An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .However ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越來(lái)越多的專(zhuān)家相信移民對(duì)城市的建設(shè)起到積極作用.然而,越來(lái)越多的城市居民卻懷疑這種說(shuō)法,他們抱怨民工給城市帶來(lái)了許多嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題,象犯罪和賣(mài)淫.
Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
許多市民抱怨城市的公交車(chē)太少,以至于他們要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間等一輛公交車(chē),而車(chē)上可能已滿載乘客.
There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
無(wú)可否認(rèn)，空氣污染是一個(gè)極其嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題：城市當(dāng)局應(yīng)該采取有力措施來(lái)解決它。
An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示婦女歡迎退休.
A proper part-time job does not occupy student's too much time .In fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .As an old saying goes :All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
一份適當(dāng)?shù)臉I(yè)余工作并不會(huì)占用學(xué)生太多的時(shí)間,事實(shí)上,把全部的時(shí)間都用到學(xué)習(xí)上并不健康,正如那句老話:只工作,不玩耍,聰明的孩子會(huì)變傻.
Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽視這一點(diǎn)都將付出巨大的代價(jià).
An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始意識(shí)到教育不能隨著畢業(yè)而結(jié)束.
When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
說(shuō)到教育,大部分人認(rèn)為其是一個(gè)終生的學(xué)習(xí).
The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分學(xué)生相信業(yè)余工作會(huì)使他們有更多機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展人際交往能力,而這對(duì)他們未來(lái)找工作是非常有好處的.
It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.
無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯,現(xiàn)在有成千上萬(wàn)的人仍過(guò)著挨餓受冬的痛苦生活.
Although this view is widely held ,this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
盡管這一觀點(diǎn)被廣泛接受,很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點(diǎn)任何年齡進(jìn)行.
No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.
沒(méi)有人能否人這一事實(shí):教育是人生最重要的一方面.
People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .
人們把會(huì)使用計(jì)算機(jī)與人生成功相提并論.
句長(zhǎng)錯(cuò)落——語(yǔ)句的擴(kuò)展
本文段落中的各個(gè)語(yǔ)句在長(zhǎng)度上應(yīng)該有一定變換，即所謂的長(zhǎng)短句之說(shuō)。短句給人以精煉強(qiáng)調(diào)之感，長(zhǎng)句則給人以嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)深刻之感。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，長(zhǎng)句有兩種情況，一種是由于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜而形成的長(zhǎng)句，多見(jiàn)于書(shū)面語(yǔ)；還有一種是由簡(jiǎn)單句擴(kuò)展而成以使語(yǔ)句表達(dá)得更加生動(dòng)和清楚，主要出現(xiàn)在口語(yǔ)的表達(dá)中。
例如，有人曾請(qǐng)兩個(gè)人用英文表達(dá)同一內(nèi)容：“今有一物，不知其數(shù)，三三數(shù)之余二；五五數(shù)之余三；七七數(shù)之余二。問(wèn)物幾何?”第一個(gè)人的英文表達(dá)很書(shū)面化：
We have a number of things which, counted by threes, leave two; by fives, leave three; and by sevens, leave two. Find the number.
第二個(gè)人的英文表達(dá)使用了比較長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)句：
We have things of which we do not know the number. If we countthem by threes, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by fives, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by sevens, they leave a re-mainder of two. How many things are there?
英文寫(xiě)作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句過(guò)多，不僅使得段落顯得單調(diào)，而且使得段落非常零散、內(nèi)容淺薄。如果一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中盡是寫(xiě)短句的話，這時(shí)就需要將某些簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)句擴(kuò)展成比較長(zhǎng)的句子。語(yǔ)句的擴(kuò)展主要是在語(yǔ)句的主干上增添修飾成分(如定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等)。
有些語(yǔ)句適宜用增添修飾成分的方法進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，但增添修飾成分不應(yīng)有斧鑿之痕，應(yīng)該使原句更加感覺(jué)有血有肉。
1 )You should stop smoking now.
你現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該戒煙了。
如要擴(kuò)展此句，可以這樣進(jìn)行：
"You should give up smoking now, for the sake of your own health, forthe sake of the health of others, for the sake of your family, and for the sake of the entire world. "
為了你自己的健康，為了他人的健康，為了你的家庭，也為了整個(gè)世界，你現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該戒煙了。
2) Doctors think that an active person should have a restful hobby, while a person who sits at a desk should have a lively hobby.
醫(yī)生認(rèn)為愛(ài)好活動(dòng)的人應(yīng)該有安靜型的業(yè)余愛(ài)好，而伏案工作的人應(yīng)該有著活動(dòng)型的業(yè)余愛(ài)好。
如要擴(kuò)展此句，可以這樣來(lái)進(jìn)行：
Doctors think that an active person, such as a baseball player or a swimmer, should have a restful hobby such as reading, collections of stamps, dolls, buttons or shells, etc. , while a person who sits at a desk all day, such as a teacher or a doctor should have a lively hobby such as ten-nis, golf, swimming or skating.
醫(yī)生認(rèn)為，像棒球選手或游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員這類(lèi)愛(ài)好活動(dòng)的人應(yīng)該有安靜型的業(yè)余愛(ài)好，比如閱讀、收藏郵票、收藏布娃娃、收藏鈕扣、收藏貝殼等，而整日伏案工作的人如教師或醫(yī)生，就應(yīng)該有打網(wǎng)球、打高爾夫球、游泳或者滑冰這類(lèi)活動(dòng)型的業(yè)余愛(ài)好。
3 )A child with a problem will probably go to his friends for sympathy.
一個(gè)碰到問(wèn)題的孩子有可能到朋友那里尋求同情。
如要擴(kuò)展此句，可以這樣來(lái)進(jìn)行：
A child with a problem, then he feels what he will probably get from his parents is incomprehension or criticism, will go instead to his friends for sympathy and advice, leaving the parents totally unaware of the problem he has.
一個(gè)碰到問(wèn)題的孩子，當(dāng)他覺(jué)得他從他的父母那里得到的有可能是不理解或者批評(píng)的時(shí)候，就會(huì)去找他的朋友們尋求同情和建議，而其父母對(duì)其問(wèn)題卻全然不知。
4) We can be informed of a lot by reading books.
通過(guò)閱讀書(shū)籍我們可以了解很多東西。
如要擴(kuò)展此句，可以這樣來(lái)進(jìn)行：
By reading scientific books, we can be informed of many facts; by reading geography, we know the earth' s surface, forms, physical features,ect.; by reading history, we are told of the growth of the nations.
通過(guò)閱讀科技書(shū)籍，我們可以了解許多事實(shí)。通過(guò)閱讀地理，我們知道了地球的表面、結(jié)構(gòu)和地貌特征等。通過(guò)閱讀歷史，我們了解到世界的發(fā)展過(guò)程。
5) We'd better to keep company with the true friends.
我們最好和對(duì)我們有幫助的朋友交往。
如要擴(kuò)展此句，可以這樣進(jìn)行：
As friends are both helpful and disastrous, it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful, encouraging and loyal, but to avoid those who are mean, stingy and treacherous.
由于既有有助于我們的朋友，也有有害于我們的朋友，因此我們最好和那些對(duì)我們有所幫助、有所鼓勵(lì)和忠實(shí)的真正朋友交往，而要避免和那些庸的、吝嗇的、奸詐的人交往。
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