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英文演講如何掌握話題過(guò)渡技巧
在演講的過(guò)程中，若是結(jié)束了上一個(gè)話題，如何開始下一個(gè)話題？這就是我們今天講的話題過(guò)渡。在演講中，若是你引導(dǎo)的途徑越順暢，那么聽眾的積極性就會(huì)越高。過(guò)渡是成功演講的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一，它可以使講話順利向下進(jìn)行，同時(shí)它還是一盞信號(hào)燈，告訴你的聽眾做好進(jìn)入下一環(huán)節(jié)的準(zhǔn)備。知道了話題過(guò)渡的重要性，如何使用過(guò)渡詞？看看下面英文演講如何掌握話題過(guò)渡技巧吧！
在兩個(gè)話題間過(guò)渡：
-Having dealt with A,I now want to move on to B.
-From A,it follows that ...B
-You may have noticed that in A,….now in B.
-As a consequence of A...,B...
-Although in A we showed...,in B...
-One exception to A is ...B
-...and this leads us to ...
-...which brings me to my next point...
-So much for A,let's look at B.
-That covers A,so what about B？
-If we're all happy with that,where do we go from here？
-As regards (X),however,the situation is somewhat different.
次要話題：
-In this context it is worth mentioning...
-As an extension of this...
-It's also true that...
-One further point to add is..
-If I can diGREss for a moment...
-Perhaps I might also mention that...
-As an afterthought,(how,what) about...
-I will just touch on one other point in passing...
-Before we leave this subject,it's worth saying that...
回歸主題：
-But this is taking us away from the main theme...
-To return to the main point/subject.
-Picking up where we left off
-As I was saying before that diGREssion/interruption.
-To continue the main discussion...
-Going back to what I was saying...
-I mentioned earlier...
闡述兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)間的聯(lián)系：
-As I said earlier/before...
-You will recall that earlier I said...
-You may have been wondering why I said...
-When I was talking about this point earlier I said...
-In my introduction I said...
-Five minutes ago I said...
-You may have noticed that...
-I mentioned earlier that...
-Let me pick up a reference made earlier to...
結(jié)束語(yǔ)：
-In conclusion,I'd like to…
-I'd like to finish by…
-Finally…
-By way of conclusion…
-I hope I have made myself understood
-I hope you have found this useful
-I hope this has given you some idea/clear idea/an outline of…
-Let me end by saying…
-That,then was all I had to say on…
-That concludes our presentation…
-I hope I've managed to give you a clearer picture of…
-If there are any questions,I'd be delighted to…
-Thank you for your attention…
-Let's break for a coffee at this point
-I am afraid that the clock is against us,so we had better stop here
-You have been a very attentive audience---thank you
擴(kuò)展：英文演講技巧盤點(diǎn)
一、善用空間的演講
所謂空間就是指進(jìn)行演說(shuō)的場(chǎng)所范圍、演講者所在之處以及與聽眾間的距離等等。演說(shuō)者所在之處以位居聽眾注意力容易匯集的地方最為理想。例如開會(huì)的時(shí)候、主席多半位居會(huì)議桌的上方、因?yàn)樵撎幷亲钊菀讌R集出席者注意力的地方。
反之，如果主席位居會(huì)議桌之正中央，則會(huì)議的進(jìn)行情況會(huì)變?nèi)绾文兀靠峙聲?huì)使出席者注意力散漫了，且有會(huì)議冗長(zhǎng)不休的感覺？因此，讓自己位居聽眾注意力容易匯集之處，不但能夠提升聽眾對(duì)于演講的關(guān)注，甚至具有增強(qiáng)演說(shuō)者信賴度權(quán)威感的效果。
二、演講應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
1、演講時(shí)的姿勢(shì)
演說(shuō)時(shí)的姿勢(shì)(posture)也會(huì)帶給聽眾某種印象，例如堂堂正正的印象或者畏畏縮縮的印象。雖然個(gè)人的性格與平日的習(xí)慣對(duì)此影響頗巨，不過(guò)一般而言仍有方便演講的姿勢(shì)，即所謂“輕松的姿勢(shì)”。要讓身體放松，反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)就是不要過(guò)度緊張。過(guò)度的緊張不但會(huì)表現(xiàn)出笨拙僵硬的姿勢(shì)，而且對(duì)于舌頭的動(dòng)作也會(huì)造成不良的影響。
訣竅之一是張開雙腳與肩同寬，挺穩(wěn)整個(gè)身軀。另一個(gè)訣竅是想辦法擴(kuò)散并減輕施加在身體上的緊張情緒。例如將一只手稍微插入口袋中，或者手觸桌邊、或者手握麥克風(fēng)等等。
2、演講時(shí)的視線在大眾面前說(shuō)話，亦即表示必須忍受眾目睽睽的注視。當(dāng)然，并非每位聽眾都會(huì)對(duì)你報(bào)以善意的眼光。盡管如此，你還是不可以漠視聽眾的眼光，避開聽眾的視線來(lái)說(shuō)話。尤其當(dāng)你走到麥克風(fēng)旁邊站立在大眾面前的那一瞬間，來(lái)自聽眾的視線有時(shí)甚至?xí)屇阌X得刺痛。
克服這股視線壓力的秘訣，就是一面進(jìn)行演講;一面從聽眾當(dāng)中找尋對(duì)于自己投以善意而溫柔眼光的人。并且無(wú)視于那些冷淡的眼光。此外，把自己的視線投向強(qiáng)烈“點(diǎn)頭”以示首肯的人，對(duì)鞏固信心來(lái)進(jìn)行演說(shuō)也具有效果。
3、演講時(shí)的臉部表情
演講時(shí)的臉部表情無(wú)論好壞都會(huì)帶給聽眾極其深刻的印象。緊張、疲勞、喜悅、焦慮、等情緒無(wú)不清楚地表露在臉上，這是很難藉由本人的意志來(lái)加以控制的。演講的內(nèi)容即使再精彩，如果表情總覺缺乏自信，老是畏畏縮縮，演講就很容易變得欠缺說(shuō)服力。
控制臉部的方法，首先“不可垂頭”。人一旦“垂頭”就會(huì)予人“喪氣”之感，而且若視線不能與聽眾接觸，就難以吸引聽眾的注意。另一個(gè)方法是“緩慢說(shuō)話”。說(shuō)話速度一旦緩慢，情緒即可穩(wěn)定，臉部表情也得以放松,再者，全身上下也能夠?yàn)橹┤蛔匀羝饋?lái)。
4、有關(guān)服飾和發(fā)型
服裝也會(huì)帶給觀眾各種印象。尤其是東方男性總是喜歡穿著灰色或者藍(lán)色系列的服裝，難免給人過(guò)于刻板無(wú)趣印象。輕松的場(chǎng)合不妨穿著稍微花俏一點(diǎn)的服裝來(lái)參加。不過(guò)如果是正式的場(chǎng)合，一般來(lái)說(shuō)仍以深色西服、男士無(wú)尾晚宴服、以及燕尾服為宜。其次，發(fā)型也可塑造出各種形象來(lái)。長(zhǎng)發(fā)和光頭各自蘊(yùn)含其強(qiáng)烈的形象，而鬢角的長(zhǎng)短也被認(rèn)為是個(gè)人喜好的表征。站出來(lái)演講之際，你的服裝、究竟帶給對(duì)方何種印象？希望大家好好地思量一番。
5、聲音和腔調(diào)
聲音和腔調(diào)乃是與生俱來(lái)的，不可能一朝一夕之間有所改善。不過(guò)音質(zhì)與措詞對(duì)于整個(gè)演說(shuō)影響頗巨，這倒是事實(shí)。根據(jù)某項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告指出聲音低沉的男性比聲音高亢的男性，其信賴度較高。因?yàn)槁曇舻统習(xí)屓擞蟹N威嚴(yán)沉著的感覺。盡管如此，各位還是不可能馬上就改變自己的聲音�？傊�，重要的是讓自己的聲音清楚地傳達(dá)給聽眾。即使是音質(zhì)不好的人，如果能夠稟持自己的主張與信念的話，依舊可以吸引聽眾的熱切關(guān)注。
說(shuō)話的速度也是演講的要素。為了營(yíng)造沉著的氣氛，說(shuō)話稍微慢點(diǎn)是很重要。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大致為5分鐘三張左右的A4原稿，不過(guò)，此地要注意的是，倘若從頭至尾一直以相同的速度來(lái)進(jìn)行，聽眾會(huì)睡覺的。
三、英文演講和中文演講的區(qū)別
我們的社會(huì)政治情況與國(guó)外不太一樣。美國(guó)人從小學(xué)開始就要競(jìng)選這個(gè)、競(jìng)選那個(gè)，比如俱樂(lè)部經(jīng)理、學(xué)生會(huì)主席，跟政治競(jìng)選差不多，所以他們的講演發(fā)達(dá)，在講演培訓(xùn)方面也開展得比較好。在西方國(guó)家，特別是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家更加重視演講。中國(guó)在這方面滯后了一點(diǎn)兒，但是現(xiàn)在講演的風(fēng)氣開始興盛，這很是令人喜悅。隨著我們對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)、外交關(guān)系的拓展，學(xué)英語(yǔ)講英語(yǔ)的形勢(shì)更加喜人。
那么，英文演講和中文演講相比有哪些區(qū)別呢？實(shí)際上一樣，關(guān)鍵在于了解演講對(duì)象，減少冗余信息。中文演講和英文演講實(shí)際上是一樣的，關(guān)鍵是看你演講的對(duì)象。不管是用中文還是用英文演講，首先你要對(duì)自己的聽眾要有一個(gè)很好的了解。在國(guó)外講演，講演超過(guò)半個(gè)小時(shí)，你就要考慮這個(gè)時(shí)間是不是快到了，絕不要超過(guò)50分鐘。而且應(yīng)該留出一半以上的時(shí)間讓聽眾來(lái)提問(wèn)題。在中國(guó)情況就有所不同，實(shí)際上現(xiàn)在中國(guó)人也愿意聽短話，特別是沒有什么信息量的套話說(shuō)法。
在講演當(dāng)中，語(yǔ)言文字的運(yùn)用很重要。第一，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)純熟清晰。第二，以對(duì)方習(xí)慣的方式、喜歡的方式來(lái)講。第三，要有內(nèi)容。當(dāng)聽眾通過(guò)贊揚(yáng)英文的辦法來(lái)贊揚(yáng)你時(shí)，例如觀眾對(duì)你說(shuō)Articulate，這是表示你講得非常清晰，你聽到這樣的評(píng)語(yǔ)之后，實(shí)際上就說(shuō)明你的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)打動(dòng)了人。適應(yīng)聽眾思維習(xí)慣，在講演一定要注意觀眾的反映。我的講話就是半個(gè)小時(shí)，必要的時(shí)候縮短20分鐘。我看大家睜著眼睛很安安靜靜的在聽，我就多講幾句。講話不要長(zhǎng)，講20分鐘就可以打住了，然后讓人家提問(wèn)題，這個(gè)10分鐘是有效的10分鐘，你可以根據(jù)他們提的問(wèn)題，不完全是切中這個(gè)問(wèn)題放大放開講。
學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)也沒有什么捷徑可走。
一是慢慢積累，不要放棄�；A(chǔ)一定要打好，特別是語(yǔ)法的基礎(chǔ)。在學(xué)校學(xué)的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，但是基礎(chǔ)必須非常穩(wěn)固。
二是多看、多讀、多模仿。英語(yǔ)開始就是模仿，注意外國(guó)人的表達(dá)方法。另一方面要非常注意閱讀。像《新聞周刊》、《時(shí)代》等等，而且是越看不明白的東西越看。
三是要記錄。寫有用的短語(yǔ)、詞句，要把它記下來(lái)，而且要注意比較外國(guó)人和中國(guó)不同的表達(dá)法。舉個(gè)例子，中國(guó)人講話的時(shí)候，謝謝大家對(duì)我的熱烈歡迎，很平實(shí)的。英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人講這么一句話，“Thank you for the warm hospitality that makes me feel so welcome�！币馑季褪恰爸x謝你們的好客，這個(gè)好客使我感覺到自己如此受歡迎”。假如你沒有看過(guò)英文、聽過(guò)英文，你絕對(duì)不能想到這么表達(dá)。所以你就要學(xué)，就要聽。我們不能說(shuō)我學(xué)的時(shí)候?qū)W了，自己講得時(shí)候還照中文講，不能這樣，要用英文來(lái)思維，越是覺得有點(diǎn)怪怪的，越是要學(xué)的。時(shí)間久而久之，你就不會(huì)講中式英文。
四、英文演講的要素
演講是一門藝術(shù)，好的英文演講比賽究竟用什么樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)判？
1、演講要素12項(xiàng)
這就是Presenting Skills(演說(shuō)技巧)：
(1)Know your topic(知道你要講什么題目)。
(2)Know your audience(了解你的聽眾)。
(3)Know your start and stop times，as well as who else is on(知道你開始和停止的時(shí)間以及除你之外還有誰(shuí)要講話)。
(4)Know what you want people to do differently and tell them(對(duì)你所說(shuō)的和人們所做的有什么不同，心中要有數(shù)，并讓聽眾知道)。
(5)Make major points.(寫下你的講話要點(diǎn))。
(6)Check all yourequipment，sound，lighting and seating arrangements.(檢查你的器材、音響、燈光和座位)。
(7)Ask someone you trust and respect to constructively critique you.(請(qǐng)一個(gè)你所信任和尊敬的人對(duì)你的講稿提出建設(shè)性的批評(píng)和意見)。
(8)Relax before you go on.(演講前要放松) 。
(9)Practise，practise，practise.
(10)Remember that even if you miss a bit or forget a couple of lines，nobody knows except you.(記住即或你漏掉一點(diǎn)或忘掉幾行，除了你自己，別人是不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的)。
(11)Omit telling jokes unless you are already a good joke-teller or plan to get better.(收起你想講的笑話，除非你已經(jīng)擅長(zhǎng)講笑話或者計(jì)劃在這方面有所提高)。
(12)Have fun(要有趣味)。
2、演講切忌
Talking too rapidly;語(yǔ)速太快;Speaking in a monotone;聲音單調(diào);Using too high a vocal pitch;聲音尖細(xì);Talking and not saying much;“談”得太多，說(shuō)得太少;Presenting without enough emotion or passion;感情不充分;Talking down to the audience;對(duì)觀眾采取一種居高臨下的姿態(tài);Using too many "big" words;夸張的詞語(yǔ)使用得太多;Using abstractions without giving concrete examples;使用抽象概念而不給出事例加以說(shuō)明;Using unfamiliar technical jargon;使用別人不熟悉的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ);Using slang or profanity;使用俚語(yǔ)或粗俗語(yǔ);Disorganized and rambling performance;演講無(wú)組織，散亂無(wú)序;Indirect communication i.e.beating around the bush;說(shuō)話繞彎子，不切中主題;
3、怎樣與聽眾交流A message worth communicating;要有值得交流的觀點(diǎn);Gain the listeners' atention: capture their interest and build their trust;引起聽眾的注意：抓住他們的興趣并贏得信任;Emphasize understanding;重視理解;Obtain their feedback;獲得反饋;Watch your emotional tone;注意聲調(diào)要有感情;Persuade the audience;說(shuō)服聽眾;
4、怎樣變得自信Smile and glance at the audience;微笑并看著觀眾;Start very slowly,with your shoulders back and your chin up;開始發(fā)言時(shí)要慢一點(diǎn)，身體保持昂首挺胸的姿態(tài);Open your speech by saying something very frankly;開場(chǎng)白說(shuō)一些真誠(chéng)話;Wear your very best clothes;穿上自己最好的衣服;Say something positive to yourself;對(duì)自己說(shuō)一些積極的話;
5、演講的四個(gè)目標(biāo)To offer information;提供信息;To entertain the audience;使聽眾感到樂(lè)趣;To touch emotions;動(dòng)之以情;To move to action;使聽眾行動(dòng)起來(lái);
6、怎樣組織演講To have a structure: such as first,second,third; geographically,north,south,east,west; compare and contrasts; our side versus their side; negative and positive;要有一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：可以分一二三點(diǎn);可以從地理上分東南西北;比較與對(duì)比;我方與他方;正面與反面;To label the materials such as jokes,funny anecdotes,favorite sayings,interesting statistics;將材料歸類整理，如笑話、趣事、名人名言、有趣的數(shù)據(jù);To use notecards;使用卡片;
7、怎樣使用卡片Number your cards on the top right;在卡片的右上角標(biāo)上數(shù)字;Write a complete sentence on both your first and last card;在第一張和最后一張上寫上完整的句子;Write up to five key words on other cards;其他卡片上最多只能寫五個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞;Use color to mark the words you want to emphasize;用顏色來(lái)標(biāo)記你想強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞;Remind yourself at a particular sport to check the time.在某一處提醒自己查看時(shí)間。8、如何對(duì)付忘詞
Just smile and go to the next card.Not the one in front of you,but to the next following.Look at the first word on it.This will be the point from which you will now continue.Of course you missed part of your speech.But nobody will notice it.They will blame themselves for not following your thoughts.只需要微微一笑，繼續(xù)下一張卡片上的內(nèi)容，不是擺在你目前的那張卡片，而是下一張�？匆幌驴ㄆ系牡谝粋�(gè)單詞，這就是你要繼續(xù)的要點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然你會(huì)遺漏一部分內(nèi)容，但是沒有人會(huì)注意到這一點(diǎn)。聽眾只會(huì)責(zé)怪自己沒有跟上你的思路。
9、如何開頭To tell a story (about yourself);講個(gè)(自己的)故事;To acknowledge the occasion of the gathering;對(duì)大家能夠聚在一起表示感謝;To pay the listeners a compliment;稱贊一下聽眾;To quote ;引用名人名言;To use unusual statistics;使用一些不平常的數(shù)據(jù);To ask the audience a challenging question;問(wèn)觀眾一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)性的問(wèn)題;To show a video or a slide.播放錄像帶或看幻燈片。
10、如何結(jié)尾To repeat your opening;重復(fù)你的開頭;To summarize your presentation;概括你的演講;To close with an anecdote;以趣事結(jié)尾;To end with a call to action;以號(hào)召行動(dòng)結(jié)尾;To ask a rhetorical question;以反問(wèn)結(jié)尾;To make a statement;以一個(gè)陳述句結(jié)尾;To show an outline of your presentation.展示演講大綱。
11、眼神交流Move your eyes slowly from person to person,and pause two or three seconds with each listener;眼睛慢慢地從一個(gè)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)人，在每一個(gè)人身上停留兩到三秒鐘時(shí)間;Look at people straight or look at the bridge of their noses or chins;眼睛直視聽眾，或看著他們的鼻梁或下巴;Look for the friendlier faces and smile at them one by one,then move on to the more skeptical members and smile at them one by one also;找到那些看起來(lái)比較友善的聽眾，逐次朝他們微笑;然后目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向那些有些懷疑的聽眾，也逐漸朝他們微笑;Imagine the audience in bathrobes in case you are nervous.如果你感到緊張，不妨想象聽眾都穿著浴衣的樣子。
12、如何使用話筒You must speak up and project your voice even if you are using a microphone;即使是用話筒，也要聲音響亮并運(yùn)氣發(fā)聲;Your voice should be resonant and sustained when you speak;聲音要有回聲并能稍持續(xù)一陣兒;Pitch your voice slightly lower than normal.Listeners tend to associate credibility and authority with a relatively deep voice;音調(diào)要定得比正常講話時(shí)低一些，聽眾往往把可信度與權(quán)威性與一個(gè)相對(duì)低沉的聲音聯(lián)系在一起;Try to end declarative sentences on a low tone without,however,trailing off in volume;盡量用降調(diào)結(jié)束陳述句，但不要減弱音量;Slow down.放慢語(yǔ)速。
13、基調(diào)發(fā)言A Keynote speech is to outline the subjects to be addressed by other speakers at an event,and to establish the tone of a meeting or program.基調(diào)發(fā)言也稱主題演講，目的就是限定一個(gè)集會(huì)上其他演講者演講的主題，奠定一個(gè)會(huì)議或活動(dòng)的基調(diào)�；{(diào)發(fā)言也直接關(guān)系到確立大會(huì)的感情基調(diào)。
14、演講指南Plan well in advance;預(yù)先計(jì)劃好;Make sure you fully understand your role in the program;保證自己充分了解在活動(dòng)中的角色;Devote care to structuring your speech logically;認(rèn)真地構(gòu)思演講，使其結(jié)構(gòu)符合邏輯;Devote care to setting the proper tone.認(rèn)真設(shè)定適當(dāng)?shù)幕{(diào)。
15、如何使用設(shè)備Check light bulbs,electrical power,cable connections,outlets and contacts,switches and any moving parts;檢查電燈、電源、線路的連接、插座和觸電、開關(guān)以及一些移動(dòng)部件Confirm twice that all your equipment will be available on the time of the day that you need it ;保證設(shè)備能在你使用那天正常工作，至少要確認(rèn)兩次;Arrange to have back-up equipment close by and be prepared to present without visuals;準(zhǔn)備一些后備設(shè)備以防萬(wàn)一，并做好沒有圖像資料仍能演講的準(zhǔn)備;Remember to carry your equipment and ensure it will not be lost.記得帶上所需要用的設(shè)備，不要弄丟了。
16、緊張的典型特征Hands in pockets 手放在口袋里Increased blinking of the eyes 眨眼次數(shù)過(guò)多;Failure to make eye contact害怕眼神的接觸;Licking and biting of the lips 舔嘴唇和史嘴唇;Finger tapping 敲叩手指;Fast,jerky gestures 手勢(shì)又急又快;Cracking voices 粗啞的聲音Increased rate of speech 講話速度加快;Clearing of the throat 清嗓子;Buttocks clamped tightly together 臀部崩得緊緊的;The way to over come nervousness is breathe in deep and breathe out slowly for some times.克服緊張的辦法是調(diào)勻呼吸，深吸氣，慢呼出。
17、如何穿著得體Dark colored suits or dresses;穿深色西裝;Red ties or scarves;空樸素的白襯衫或上衣;Black shoes,freshly polished;戴紅色的領(lǐng)帶或絲巾;Very little jewelry -worn discreetly;穿剛剛擦亮的黑色鞋子;Calm,slow gestures and slow movements;盡量不戴首飾，要戴的話要非常小心;Shoulders back,chin up.挺胸抬頭。
18、如何使有手勢(shì)Make sure all your gestures are smooth and natural;所有的動(dòng)作都應(yīng)該流暢自然;Don't put your hands in your pockets;不要把手插在口袋里;Let your hands and arms drop naturally to your side ,gently fold both indesfingers together,without wringing or gripping your hands in any way;將手和手臂自然地在身體兩側(cè)下垂，輕微屈起食指，不要扭在一起或緊握拳頭;Let your hands do what they want to do as long as they don't go back into your pockets or make obscene gestures.手想要怎樣就讓它怎樣，直到它不再回到你的口袋或在聽眾面前做一些惹人討厭的手勢(shì)。Point at imaginary objects and don't point at others with your index finger;手可以指點(diǎn)著假想的物體，不要用食指指著別人;Size or quantity can also easily be shown by expanding or contracting the hands;心寸的大小和數(shù)量的多少也可以通過(guò)兩手的擴(kuò)張和收縮來(lái)演示;Gracefully show your audience the appropriate number of fingers by holding your hands at a 45 degree angle from your head;手抬起并與頭成四十五度角，優(yōu)雅地用手勢(shì)表示出數(shù)字;TO emphasize physical size such as length,width,hold your hands out in front you widely apart to move them up and down.如果想要強(qiáng)調(diào)長(zhǎng)度尺寸的大小，將兩手伸向前方，盡量分開，并上下移動(dòng)。
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