12月10日的托福考試已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，下面是小編為大家整理收集的關(guān)于2016年12月10日托福閱讀真題答案及解析的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
2016年12月10日托福閱讀真題詞匯題：
extensive resume
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temporary
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the same time
excessive
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2016年12月10日托福閱讀真題第一篇
題材劃分： 工業(yè)發(fā)展
主要內(nèi)容：美國(guó)工業(yè)革命之后各個(gè)行業(yè)都牛逼了起來(lái)，生產(chǎn)力極大的提高了所以產(chǎn)量大增，工業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)總值超過(guò)了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。而且很虧啊產(chǎn)品供給大于需求了。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)亞當(dāng)斯密的自由經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理，當(dāng)一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)沒(méi)錢(qián)賺供大于求，生產(chǎn)商就不生產(chǎn)了，這樣產(chǎn)品少了價(jià)格恢復(fù)，然后生產(chǎn)商覺(jué)得有錢(qián)賺，就在開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)。然后亞當(dāng)斯密的理論過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單，生產(chǎn)商沒(méi)停止生產(chǎn)，只是相互壓價(jià)而已。最后惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)大家都坐不住了，有的狂做廣告和開(kāi)拓海外市場(chǎng)，有的壓低成本，有的就開(kāi)始各行業(yè)聯(lián)手合作壟斷了。有位銀行人員說(shuō)歡迎小競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，更加歡迎大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，這樣才有更多的貨款。
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TPO6-Powering the Industrial Revolution
相關(guān)背景知識(shí)：
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and most of the important technological innovations were British. The social, economic and political changes in the previous centuries in Great Britain contributed. Whereas absolutism stayed the normal form of power execution through most parts of Europe, institutions ensured property rights and political safety to the people in the UK after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. At approximately the same time the Industrial Revolution was occurring, Britain was undergoing an agricultural revolution, which also helped to improve living standards and provided surplus labour available for industry.
Mechanised textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium, and later in France. Since then industrialisation has spread throughout much of the world. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.
The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.
2016年12月10日托福閱讀真題第二篇
題材劃分： 動(dòng)物類(lèi)
主要內(nèi)容：講捕食者會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室情況下遲到被捕食者的representatives, 讓prey species滅掉。但是自然環(huán)境中不會(huì)，自然環(huán)境中捕食者會(huì)吃掉幾種prey，一種快吃完了就再吃另外一種，這樣幾個(gè)prey的物種數(shù)量會(huì)交替上升下降但都不會(huì)滅亡。舉了一個(gè)例子說(shuō)一開(kāi)始有狼和A共同吃B, 然后狼滅絕了。A的數(shù)量很少，然后引入了雪兔，雪兔來(lái)了之后瘋狂增長(zhǎng)，A也就增長(zhǎng)，然后吃的雪兔不多的時(shí)候，它就去吃狼以前的食物了，然后等雪兔變多了以后再吃雪兔，于是雪兔的數(shù)量以10年為一個(gè)周期高低交替，而A的數(shù)量則是很穩(wěn)定。第二種情況是捕食者可以幫助prey趕走其他捕食者或者競(jìng)爭(zhēng)物種，所以這種prey就可以存活下去。另外一個(gè)例子中，一種鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)predator住在一種樹(shù)的上枝丫上，既吃樹(shù)的花蕾又吃另外一種動(dòng)物。這種prey天天求的predator的關(guān)注。所以這種predator鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)雖然對(duì)樹(shù)有害，但能幫助這周prey活下去。第三種情況兩個(gè)物種之間有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系的時(shí)候，強(qiáng)的一方往往占據(jù)弱的一方的資源，而predator會(huì)控制這樣的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的平衡，讓弱的一方不至于滅絕。
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TPO27- Predator-Prey Cycles
相關(guān)知識(shí)背景：
A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism which the predator eats. Some examples of predator and prey are lion and zebra, bear and fish, and fox and rabbit. The words "predator" and "prey" are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but the same concept also applies to plants: Bear and berry, rabbit and lettuce, grasshopper and leaf.
Predator and prey evolve together. The prey is part of the predator's environment, and the predator dies if it does not get food, so it evolves whatever is necessary in order to eat the prey: speed, stealth, camouflage (to hide while approaching the prey), a good sense of smell, sight, or hearing (to find the prey), immunity to the prey's poison, poison (to kill the prey) the right kind of mouth parts or digestive system, etc. Likewise, the predator is part of the prey's environment, and the prey dies if it is eaten by the predator, so it evolves whatever is necessary to avoid being eaten: speed, camouflage (to hide from the predator), a good sense of smell, sight, or hearing (to detect the predator), thorns, poison (to spray when approached or bitten), etc.
The fastest lions are able to catch food and eat, so they survive and reproduce, and gradually, faster lions make up more and more of the population. The fastest zebras are able to escape the lions, so they survive and reproduce, and gradually, faster zebras make up more and more of the population. An important thing to realize is that as both organisms become faster to adapt to their environments, their relationship remains the same: because they are both getting faster, neither gets faster in relation to the other. This is true in all predator-prey relationships.
Another example of predator-prey evolution is that of the Galapagos tortoise. Galapagos tortoises eat the branches of the cactus plants that grow on the Galapagos islands. On one of the islands, where long-necked tortoises live, the branches are higher off the ground. On another island, where short-necked tortoises live, the branches are lower down. The cactuses, the prey, may have evolved high branches so that the tortoises, the predators, can't reach them.
(Note, however, not just in this case but in any case of co-evolution and evolution, that there is always more than one cause that forces an organism to adapt, and though it is likely that the higher branches are to avoid the tortoises, it is also possible that it was a different cause, such as the sun, the ocean, or a different organism.)
2016年12月10日托福閱讀真題第三篇
題材劃分：地質(zhì)類(lèi)
主要內(nèi)容： 講地球55 million years ago, 碳12與碳13的同位素比值紊亂了，給這個(gè)時(shí)期起了一個(gè)名字叫做Proterozoic。我們可以從淺海區(qū)大陸架獲得線索，這種甲烷冰很矯情，要特定的壓力和溫度才能形成，比如在北極圈苔原還有哪里能形成因?yàn)闅鉁氐�。說(shuō)海底大陸架有些地方也有，這種冰也很矯情，一碰就變成了火，然后問(wèn)題就來(lái)了，這種甲烷冰是怎么如此快速的釋放到空氣中的，一種假設(shè)是海底突然變暖，于是甲烷釋放了，但不清楚原因。第二種是溫暖的洋流加熱了大陸架，第三種是海底山體滑坡。極有可能是這三種因素同時(shí)發(fā)生導(dǎo)致的甲烷大量釋放。但科學(xué)家還是不清楚到底釋放了多少導(dǎo)致元素和它同位素比例紊亂和到底是什么原因
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TPO25-The surface of Mars
相關(guān)知識(shí)背景：
Earth (otherwise known as the world, in Greek: Γα?α Gaia, or in Latin: Terra) is the third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 solar days or one sidereal year. Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface within a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). The Moon is the Earth's only permanent natural satellite; their gravitational interaction causes ocean tides, stabilizes the orientation of Earth's rotational axis, and gradually slows Earth's rotational rate.
Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.
Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive. In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all the species of life that ever lived on Earth are extinct. Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely; most species have not been described. Over 7.3 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival. Humanity has developed diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world is divided into about 200 sovereign states.